Big test Lipids Carbs Protiens Nucleic acids

Question 1

What are the four types of organic compounds?

Answer 1

• Carbohydrates
• Lipids
• Proteins
• Nucleic acids

These are essential classes of biological molecules.

Question 2

What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

Answer 2

C, H, O

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

Question 3

In carbohydrates, what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?

Answer 3

2:1

This ratio is consistent across all carbohydrates.

Question 4

What is the main source of energy in carbohydrates?

Answer 4

Monosaccharides

These simple sugars are key energy sources.

Question 5

What are monosaccharides?

Answer 5

Simple sugars

Examples include glucose and fructose.

Question 6

What is glucose commonly found in?

Answer 6

Sports drinks

Glucose is a primary energy source for athletes.

Question 7

What is fructose commonly found in?

Answer 7

Fruit

Fructose is a natural sugar prevalent in many fruits.

Question 8

What sugars are found in honey?

Answer 8

• Fructose
• Glucose

Honey contains both of these monosaccharides.

Question 9

What is galactose primarily found in?

Answer 9

Milk

Galactose is a component of lactose, the sugar in milk.

Question 10

What are disaccharides?

Answer 10

Two monosaccharides

Disaccharides are formed through dehydration synthesis.

Question 11

What is the most common disaccharide?

Answer 11

Sucrose

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose.

Question 12

What is the formula for sucrose?

Answer 12

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose is derived from sugar beets or sugar cane.

Question 13

What is lactose composed of?

Answer 13

Lactose is made up of galactose and glucose.

Question 14

What is a primary source of calcium?

Answer 14

Lemon is a source of calcium.

Question 15

What are polysaccharides?

Answer 15

Polysaccharides are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides.

Question 16

What are complex carbohydrates?

Answer 16

Complex carbohydrates are also known as polysaccharides.

Question 17

What is a main part of a plant’s cell wall?

Answer 17

Cellulose is a main part of a plant’s cell wall.

Question 18

What is chitin?

Answer 18

Chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods.

Question 19

Where is starch commonly found?

Answer 19

Starch is found in potatoes and grains.

Question 20

How do animals store excess glucose?

Answer 20

Animals store excess glucose in their muscles and liver as glycogen.

Question 21

What is the purpose of glycogen in animals?

Answer 21

Glycogen is stored to use for energy in muscles later.

Question 22

What is cellulose’s significance?

Answer 22

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

Question 23

Which organisms can break down cellulose?

Answer 23

Only fungi and some bacteria can break down cellulose.

Question 24

Can most animals obtain nutrition from cellulose?

Answer 24

Most animals cannot obtain nutrition from cellulose.

Question 25

What role do bacteria play in cellulose digestion?

Answer 25

Bacteria break down cellulose.

Question 26

What are common sources of carbohydrates?

Answer 26

Fruits, vegetables, grains, and potatoes are common sources of carbohydrates.

Question 27

What are lipids?

Answer 27

Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. They won't mix with water and are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but have much more hydrogen than oxygen.

Question 28

What is the physical feel of lipids?

Answer 28

Lipids feel greasy, oily, or waxy to the touch.

Question 29

What is the state of fats at room temperature?

Answer 29

Fats are solid at room temperature, typically around 70°-72°F.

Question 30

What are the characteristics of animal fats?

Answer 30

Animal fats are saturated and can be harmful.

Question 31

What are oils?

Answer 31

Oils are liquid at room temperature and are mainly made by plants.

Question 32

What are waxes?

Answer 32

Waxes are solid at room temperature and can be made by plants or animals.

Question 33

What are the types of fats?

Answer 33

Fats can be saturated or unsaturated.

Question 34

What defines saturated fats?

Answer 34

Saturated fats have carbon bonds that are filled, meaning there are no double bonds with other carbons.

Question 35

What defines unsaturated fats?

Answer 35

Unsaturated fats have at least one set of double bonded carbons.

Question 36

What is an example of a beneficial fat?

Answer 36

An example of a beneficial fat is olive oil, which is best for health.

Question 37

What are trans fats?

Answer 37

Trans fats are unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats through hydrogenation.

Question 38

What are the essential functions of fats in the human body?

Answer 38

Fats perform essential functions such as cushioning, hormone production, insulation, energy reserve, and protection.

Question 39

What is the role of fats in cushioning?

Answer 39

Fats provide cushioning between joints.

Question 40

How do fats function in hormone production?

Answer 40

Fats act as chemical messengers in the body.

Question 41

What is the role of fats in insulation?

Answer 41

Fats provide insulation under the skin.

Question 42

How do fats serve as an energy reserve?

Answer 42

Fats save energy for later use.

Question 43

What protection do fats offer?

Answer 43

Fats protect organs by surrounding them.

Question 44

What are steroids structurally different from?

Answer 44

Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function.

Question 45

What is the relationship between steroids and fats?

Answer 45

Steroids and fats are cousins.

Question 46

What is the steroid that produces other steroids?

Answer 46

Cholesterol is the steroid that produces other steroids.

Question 47

What roles do steroids play in cell membranes?

Answer 47

Steroids are used in cell membranes.

Question 48

What are the two types of cholesterol?

Answer 48

Good cholesterol (HDL) and bad cholesterol (LDL).

Question 49

What are fat molecules?

Answer 49

Fat molecules are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

Question 50

What are phospholipids?

Answer 50

Phospholipids make up cell membranes and have polar, hydrophilic heads.

Question 51

What is unique about the structure of phospholipids?

Answer 51

Phospholipids are formed by substituting one of the three fatty tails with a phosphate group.

Question 52

What creates a phospholipid bilayer?

Answer 52

The arrangement of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward creates a phospholipid bilayer.

Question 53

What are examples of fatty foods?

Answer 53

Examples of fatty foods include cheese, meat, avocado, chocolate, lard, and oil.