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Biology > Big test Lipids Carbs Protiens Nucleic acids > Flashcards

Big test Lipids Carbs Protiens Nucleic acids Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the four types of organic compounds?

A
  • Carbohydrates
  • Lipids
  • Proteins
  • Nucleic acids

These are essential classes of biological molecules.

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2
Q

What elements do carbohydrates consist of?

A

C, H, O

Carbohydrates are organic compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen.

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3
Q

In carbohydrates, what is the ratio of hydrogen to oxygen?

A

2:1

This ratio is consistent across all carbohydrates.

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4
Q

What is the main source of energy in carbohydrates?

A

Monosaccharides

These simple sugars are key energy sources.

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5
Q

What are monosaccharides?

A

Simple sugars

Examples include glucose and fructose.

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6
Q

What is glucose commonly found in?

A

Sports drinks

Glucose is a primary energy source for athletes.

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7
Q

What is fructose commonly found in?

A

Fruit

Fructose is a natural sugar prevalent in many fruits.

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8
Q

What sugars are found in honey?

A
  • Fructose
  • Glucose

Honey contains both of these monosaccharides.

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9
Q

What is galactose primarily found in?

A

Milk

Galactose is a component of lactose, the sugar in milk.

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10
Q

What are disaccharides?

A

Two monosaccharides

Disaccharides are formed through dehydration synthesis.

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11
Q

What is the most common disaccharide?

A

Sucrose

Sucrose is formed from glucose and fructose.

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12
Q

What is the formula for sucrose?

A

Glucose + Fructose

Sucrose is derived from sugar beets or sugar cane.

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13
Q

What is lactose composed of?

A

Lactose is made up of galactose and glucose.

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14
Q

What is a primary source of calcium?

A

Lemon is a source of calcium.

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15
Q

What are polysaccharides?

A

Polysaccharides are made up of 3 or more monosaccharides.

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16
Q

What are complex carbohydrates?

A

Complex carbohydrates are also known as polysaccharides.

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17
Q

What is a main part of a plant’s cell wall?

A

Cellulose is a main part of a plant’s cell wall.

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18
Q

What is chitin?

A

Chitin is a nitrogen-containing polysaccharide found in the cell walls of fungi and the exoskeletons of arthropods.

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19
Q

Where is starch commonly found?

A

Starch is found in potatoes and grains.

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20
Q

How do animals store excess glucose?

A

Animals store excess glucose in their muscles and liver as glycogen.

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21
Q

What is the purpose of glycogen in animals?

A

Glycogen is stored to use for energy in muscles later.

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22
Q

What is cellulose’s significance?

A

Cellulose is the most abundant organic compound on Earth.

23
Q

Which organisms can break down cellulose?

A

Only fungi and some bacteria can break down cellulose.

24
Q

Can most animals obtain nutrition from cellulose?

A

Most animals cannot obtain nutrition from cellulose.

25
Q

What role do bacteria play in cellulose digestion?

A

Bacteria break down cellulose.

26
Q

What are common sources of carbohydrates?

A

Fruits, vegetables, grains, and potatoes are common sources of carbohydrates.

27
Q

What are lipids?

A

Lipids include fats, oils, and waxes. They won’t mix with water and are primarily composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen, but have much more hydrogen than oxygen.

28
Q

What is the physical feel of lipids?

A

Lipids feel greasy, oily, or waxy to the touch.

29
Q

What is the state of fats at room temperature?

A

Fats are solid at room temperature, typically around 70°-72°F.

30
Q

What are the characteristics of animal fats?

A

Animal fats are saturated and can be harmful.

31
Q

What are oils?

A

Oils are liquid at room temperature and are mainly made by plants.

32
Q

What are waxes?

A

Waxes are solid at room temperature and can be made by plants or animals.

33
Q

What are the types of fats?

A

Fats can be saturated or unsaturated.

34
Q

What defines saturated fats?

A

Saturated fats have carbon bonds that are filled, meaning there are no double bonds with other carbons.

35
Q

What defines unsaturated fats?

A

Unsaturated fats have at least one set of double bonded carbons.

36
Q

What is an example of a beneficial fat?

A

An example of a beneficial fat is olive oil, which is best for health.

37
Q

What are trans fats?

A

Trans fats are unsaturated fats that have been converted to saturated fats through hydrogenation.

38
Q

What are the essential functions of fats in the human body?

A

Fats perform essential functions such as cushioning, hormone production, insulation, energy reserve, and protection.

39
Q

What is the role of fats in cushioning?

A

Fats provide cushioning between joints.

40
Q

How do fats function in hormone production?

A

Fats act as chemical messengers in the body.

41
Q

What is the role of fats in insulation?

A

Fats provide insulation under the skin.

42
Q

How do fats serve as an energy reserve?

A

Fats save energy for later use.

43
Q

What protection do fats offer?

A

Fats protect organs by surrounding them.

44
Q

What are steroids structurally different from?

A

Steroids are very different from fats in structure and function.

45
Q

What is the relationship between steroids and fats?

A

Steroids and fats are cousins.

46
Q

What is the steroid that produces other steroids?

A

Cholesterol is the steroid that produces other steroids.

47
Q

What roles do steroids play in cell membranes?

A

Steroids are used in cell membranes.

48
Q

What are the two types of cholesterol?

A

Good cholesterol (HDL) and bad cholesterol (LDL).

49
Q

What are fat molecules?

A

Fat molecules are composed of glycerol and fatty acids.

50
Q

What are phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids make up cell membranes and have polar, hydrophilic heads.

51
Q

What is unique about the structure of phospholipids?

A

Phospholipids are formed by substituting one of the three fatty tails with a phosphate group.

52
Q

What creates a phospholipid bilayer?

A

The arrangement of phospholipids with hydrophilic heads facing outward and hydrophobic tails facing inward creates a phospholipid bilayer.

53
Q

What are examples of fatty foods?

A

Examples of fatty foods include cheese, meat, avocado, chocolate, lard, and oil.

Biology (8 decks)

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