BIG TEST!! 2/20 Flashcards
2 organisms that break down carbohydrates to release energy
autotrophs & heterotrophs
organism that traps and stores sunlight in carbohydrates
autotrophs
the main energy currency of a cell
ATP
cellular respiration:
what cells do to break up sugars into a form that the cell can use as energy
the process that begins cellular respiration and does it have a lot of ATP
glycosis & no
if there is no oxygen in cells, the products of glycosis enter what pathways and yield no additional what?
fermentation and ATP
fermentation is anaerobic or aerobic?
anaerobic (no oxygen)
if oxygen is present in the cell, the glycosis products enter the what pathway?
aerobic
does aerobic respiration make much ATP?
yes
what simple sugar starts glycosis?
glucose
in glycosis, glucose is broken into 2 molecules of what?
pyruvic acid & in the cytoplasm
the part of the cell in which fermentation happens and does it contain oxygen?
cytoplasm & no
2 types of fermentation
lactic acid and alcohol fermentation
lactic acid fermentation makes dairy products and occurs in what during exercise?
muscles
the effect of lactic acid on muscles
makes them sore
yeast carries on what type of fermentation?
alcoholic
table what & what are made by yeasts during alcoholic fermentation?
table wine and beer
1 molecule of sugar produces how many kilocalories of energy?
7
does anaerobic respiration produce more or less energy than aerobic respiration ?
anaerobic produces less energy than aerobic
aerobic respiration requires what gas?
oxygen
how much more ATP does aerobic respiration produce than glycosis?
34
2 major steps of aerobic respiration
Krebs cycle & electron transport
what is completed in Krebs cycle?
break down of glucose
NAD+ is reduced to what?
NADH
which part of aerobic respiration makes the most ATP?
electron transport
where does aerobic respiration take place in prokaryotes?
cytoplasm
where do the aerobic reactions take place in eukaryotes?
mitochondria
what product of glycolysis diffuses into the mitochondrial matrix?
pyruvate
The mitochondrial matrix, what helps catalyze the reactions of the Krebs cycle?
enzymes
what is a euro CoA & what does it combine w/?
enzymes combined with 4 carbon compound
1st acid produced in the Krebs cycle
citric acid
2 energy carriers reduced in the Krebs cycle
NAD+= NADH & FAD+= FADH
any ATP made in Krebs cycle?
yes
gas that’s a waste product produced in Krebs cycle
Carbon dioxide
2nd part of aerobic respiration
electron transport
what’s made in ETS when hydrogen ions are released?
ATP
gas that’s the final acceptor of electrons in ETS
oxygen
final product of ETS (electron transport system)
H2O
of ATP made in glycosis
2
of ATP made in Krebs cycle
2
each FADH can make
2 ATPS OF ENERGY
each NADH can make
3 ATPS OF ENERGY
molecules made by aerobic respiration
8 NADH & 2 FADH
of ATP molecules made in ETS
32
maximum # of ATP molecules made by each glucose molecule
36
cellular respiration equation
C6 O6 H12 + 6O2 = 6CO2 + 6H2O
all organisms use what to carry out their life functions
energy
some organisms obtain their energy from what
sunlight
The process by which this energy transfer takes place is called what
photosynthesis
photosynthesis involves a what pathway in which the product of one reaction was consumed in the next reaction
biochemical pathway
organisms that carry on photosynthesis including plants and other organisms containing the green pigment chlorophyll are called what
autotrophs
autotroph’s use what and what to make oxygen and the simple sugar glucose
CO2 & water
pigment chlorophyll absorbs light energy from the sun during what reactions
light reactions
pigments also in the plastids absorb wavelength of light that chlorophyll does not absorb are called what
accessory pigments
these accessory pigments are responsible for other colors we see in plants such as what
red, orange and yellow
chloroplasts are surrounded by a what
double membrane
inside chloroplasts is a system of membranes arranged as stacks of flattened sacks called what
thylakoids
sack is called a what
granum
chloroplasts are found in the what of plants
leaves
The what reactions of photosynthesis take place in the stroma
the dark reactions
The underside of a leaf contains openings called what where gases enter & exit
stomata
stomata are usually closed during the hottest times of the day by cells called what
guard cells
