Big Shots

Question 1

Who coined the term “behaviorism”?

Answer 1

John B. Watson

Question 2

Who coined the term “behavior therapy”?

Answer 2

Arnold Lazarus

Question 3

What is another name for behavior modification?

Answer 3

Applied behavior analysis (ABA)

Question 4

Who created Individual Psychology?

Answer 4

Alfred Adler

Question 5

What experiment did Phillip Zimbardo conduct?

Answer 5

1971 Stanford Prison Experiment: college students were assigned to play the role of prisoner or guard. Showed that a situation and assigned roles can control behavior. Would not be ethical today.

Question 6

Who conducted the Robber’s Cave Experiment?

Answer 6

Muzafer Sherif. Two opposing groups of boys ended up working together because they were both attempting to solve the same problem (a.k.a. subordinate goal).

Question 7

What are John Darley and Bibb Latane known for?

Answer 7

Bystander Effect/Apathy, aka “group inhibition for helping”

Question 8

What typology is Diana Baumrind known for?

Answer 8

Typology of Parenting Styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive passive indulgent

Question 9

What theory did James W. Fowler develop?

Answer 9

Prestage plus six-stage theory of faith and spiritual development. Stage 0: undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy to 2-4; sensorimotor); Stage 1: intuitive-projective faith (2-7 years, early childhood, pre-operational); Stage 2: mythic-literal faith (7-12, childhood and beyond, concrete operational); Stage 3: synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond, formal operational); Stage 4: individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond, formal operational); Stage 5: conjunctive faith (mid-thirties and beyond, openness to other points of view, paradox, and meaning behind symbols and metaphors); and Stage 6: universalizing faith (midlife and beyond; enlightenment).

Question 10

What are the stages of William Perry’s Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/College Students?

Answer 10

1. Dualism, 2. Multiplicity, 3. Relativism, 4. Commitment to relativism

Question 11

Who was Carol Gilligan?

Answer 11

Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice (1982), illuminating the fact that Lawrence Kohlber’s research on moral development was conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.

Question 12

Who was G. Stanley Hall?

Answer 12

Founder of psychology in the US and first president of the American Psychological Association. Popularized the study of the child and child guidance, and wrote seminal works on adolescence.

Question 13

Who are the top four people who outlined Behaviorism?

Answer 13

John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner

Question 14

What model did Robert Kegan develop?

Answer 14

Constructive Developmental Model. Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality.

Question 15

Atkinson, Morten, and Sue are associated with which five-stage model?

Answer 15

Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID), aka the Minority Identity Model. (1) conformity, (2) dissonance, (3) resistance and immersion, (4) introspection, (5) synergetic articulation and awareness

Question 16

What name is associated with radical behaviorism?

Answer 16

B.F. Skinner. He believed behavior is molded solely by its consequences. This paradigm is known as operant/instrumental conditioning.

Question 17

What is Albert Bandura known for?

Answer 17

Social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. Modeling/vicarious learning.

Question 18

_________ popularized what is now known as classical or respondent conditioning.

Answer 18

Ivan Pavlov. John B. Watson’s work was also significant. Classical conditioning = learning by pairing things together. It is reflexive, i.e. works with innate reflexes (e.g. salivation)

Question 19

ABA is generally based on the work of ________

Answer 19

B.F. Skinner

Question 20

Behavior therapy usually has its roots in the work of ________

Answer 20

Pavlov

Question 21

Edward Thorndike developed the ____________ principle.

Answer 21

The law of effect principle. It suggested that: “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.” Skinner’s work was influenced by Thorndike.

Question 22

Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was created by ____________

Answer 22

Dr. Francine Shapiro

Question 23

Operant or instrumental conditioning is based on the work of __________ & __________

Answer 23

Skinner and Thorndike. Operant conditioning: learning by consequences occurring after a behavior.

Question 24

Robert Carkhuff created a five-point ________ scale.

Answer 24

Empathy. A level five response is the best response.

Question 25

Natalie Rogers, daughter of Carl Rogers, created which form of therapy?

Answer 25

person-centered expressive arts therapy (PCEA)

Question 26

What does Albert Ellis’ ABCDE model of personality stand for?

Answer 26

A = activating event
B = belief system
C = emotional consequence
D = counselor disputes irrational belief at B
E = new emotional consequence that occurs when B becomes rational

Question 27

Cognitive therapy, similar to REBT, is associated with which theorist?

Answer 27

Aaron T. Beck

Question 28

The concept of life script and script analysis are associated with which therapeutic approach(es)?

Answer 28

Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis (TA) and narrative therapy.

Question 29

What are Tom Harris’ four life positions? Which theory are these associated with?

Answer 29

Life positions: I’m ok, you’re ok (healthy); I’m ok, you’re not ok; I’m not ok, you’re ok; and I’m not ok, you’re not ok. Associated with Berne’s Transactional Analysis.

Question 30

What was Stephen B. Karpman’s contribution to transactional analysis?

Answer 30

Karpman’s drama triangle (or just Karpman’s triangle). A person changes their position from victim (poor me!) to persecutor (it’s all your fault!) to rescuer (let me help you!) during the discussion.

Question 31

Who coined the term “group therapy”?

Answer 31

Jacob Moreno, who founded psychodrama

Question 32

John Krumboltz theorized that career decision was based on what theory?

Answer 32

social learning theory (behaviorism)

Question 33

This career development theorist emphasized circumscription (the process of narrowing the acceptable alternatives) and compromise (realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices).

Answer 33

Linda S. Gottfredson

Question 34

Who pioneered “learned helplessness syndrome” and popularized positive psychology?

Answer 34

Martin Seligman