Big Shots Flashcards
Who coined the term “behaviorism”?
John B. Watson
Who coined the term “behavior therapy”?
Arnold Lazarus
What is another name for behavior modification?
Applied behavior analysis (ABA)
Who created Individual Psychology?
Alfred Adler
What experiment did Phillip Zimbardo conduct?
1971 Stanford Prison Experiment: college students were assigned to play the role of prisoner or guard. Showed that a situation and assigned roles can control behavior. Would not be ethical today.
Who conducted the Robber’s Cave Experiment?
Muzafer Sherif. Two opposing groups of boys ended up working together because they were both attempting to solve the same problem (a.k.a. subordinate goal).
What are John Darley and Bibb Latane known for?
Bystander Effect/Apathy, aka “group inhibition for helping”
What typology is Diana Baumrind known for?
Typology of Parenting Styles: authoritative, authoritarian, and permissive passive indulgent
What theory did James W. Fowler develop?
Prestage plus six-stage theory of faith and spiritual development. Stage 0: undifferentiated (primal) faith (infancy to 2-4; sensorimotor); Stage 1: intuitive-projective faith (2-7 years, early childhood, pre-operational); Stage 2: mythic-literal faith (7-12, childhood and beyond, concrete operational); Stage 3: synthetic-conventional faith (adolescence and beyond, formal operational); Stage 4: individuative-reflective faith (young adulthood and beyond, formal operational); Stage 5: conjunctive faith (mid-thirties and beyond, openness to other points of view, paradox, and meaning behind symbols and metaphors); and Stage 6: universalizing faith (midlife and beyond; enlightenment).
What are the stages of William Perry’s Theory of Intellectual and Ethical Development in Adults/College Students?
- Dualism, 2. Multiplicity, 3. Relativism, 4. Commitment to relativism
Who was Carol Gilligan?
Gilligan wrote In a Different Voice (1982), illuminating the fact that Lawrence Kohlber’s research on moral development was conducted on males. Women have a sense of caring and compassion.
Who was G. Stanley Hall?
Founder of psychology in the US and first president of the American Psychological Association. Popularized the study of the child and child guidance, and wrote seminal works on adolescence.
Who are the top four people who outlined Behaviorism?
John B. Watson, Ivan Pavlov, Joseph Wolpe, and B.F. Skinner
What model did Robert Kegan develop?
Constructive Developmental Model. Emphasizes the impact of interpersonal interaction and our perception of reality.
Atkinson, Morten, and Sue are associated with which five-stage model?
Racial/Cultural Identity Development Model (R/CID), aka the Minority Identity Model. (1) conformity, (2) dissonance, (3) resistance and immersion, (4) introspection, (5) synergetic articulation and awareness
What name is associated with radical behaviorism?
B.F. Skinner. He believed behavior is molded solely by its consequences. This paradigm is known as operant/instrumental conditioning.
What is Albert Bandura known for?
Social learning theory and the Bobo doll experiment. Modeling/vicarious learning.
_________ popularized what is now known as classical or respondent conditioning.
Ivan Pavlov. John B. Watson’s work was also significant. Classical conditioning = learning by pairing things together. It is reflexive, i.e. works with innate reflexes (e.g. salivation)
ABA is generally based on the work of ________
B.F. Skinner
Behavior therapy usually has its roots in the work of ________
Pavlov
Edward Thorndike developed the ____________ principle.
The law of effect principle. It suggested that: “responses that produce a satisfying effect in a particular situation become more likely to occur again in that situation, and responses that produce a discomforting effect become less likely to occur again in that situation.” Skinner’s work was influenced by Thorndike.
Eye Movement Desensitization and Reprocessing therapy (EMDR) was created by ____________
Dr. Francine Shapiro
Operant or instrumental conditioning is based on the work of __________ & __________
Skinner and Thorndike. Operant conditioning: learning by consequences occurring after a behavior.
Robert Carkhuff created a five-point ________ scale.
Empathy. A level five response is the best response.
Natalie Rogers, daughter of Carl Rogers, created which form of therapy?
person-centered expressive arts therapy (PCEA)
What does Albert Ellis’ ABCDE model of personality stand for?
A = activating event B = belief system C = emotional consequence D = counselor disputes irrational belief at B E = new emotional consequence that occurs when B becomes rational
Cognitive therapy, similar to REBT, is associated with which theorist?
Aaron T. Beck
The concept of life script and script analysis are associated with which therapeutic approach(es)?
Eric Berne’s Transactional Analysis (TA) and narrative therapy.
What are Tom Harris’ four life positions? Which theory are these associated with?
Life positions: I’m ok, you’re ok (healthy); I’m ok, you’re not ok; I’m not ok, you’re ok; and I’m not ok, you’re not ok. Associated with Berne’s Transactional Analysis.
What was Stephen B. Karpman’s contribution to transactional analysis?
Karpman’s drama triangle (or just Karpman’s triangle). A person changes their position from victim (poor me!) to persecutor (it’s all your fault!) to rescuer (let me help you!) during the discussion.
Who coined the term “group therapy”?
Jacob Moreno, who founded psychodrama
John Krumboltz theorized that career decision was based on what theory?
social learning theory (behaviorism)
This career development theorist emphasized circumscription (the process of narrowing the acceptable alternatives) and compromise (realization that the client will not be able to implement their most preferred choices).
Linda S. Gottfredson
Who pioneered “learned helplessness syndrome” and popularized positive psychology?
Martin Seligman
