Big Idea 5-Impact of Computing

Question 1

Fact: People create computing innovations.

Question 2

Fact: The way people complete tasks often changes to incorporate new computing innovations.

Question 3

Truth or False: Computing innovations are typically designed to achieve a specific purpose.

Answer 3

Truth

Question 4

Truth or False: Computing innovations that designed with a specific purpose in mind will not have unintended consequences.

Answer 4

False
While computing innovations are typically designed to achieve a specific purpose,
they may have unintended consequences.

Question 5

Truth or False. Not every effect of a computing innovation is
anticipated in advance.

Answer 5

Truth

Question 6

Truth or False. A single effect can only be beneficial or harmful.

Answer 6

False
A single effect can be viewed as both beneficial and harmful by different people, or even by the same person.
Name some examples.

Question 7

Fact: Advances in computing have generated and increased creativity in other fields, such as medicine, engineering, communications, and the arts. Name some examples.

Question 8

The _______________ was originally intended
only for rapid and easy exchange of information within the scientific community.

Answer 8

World Wide Web

Question 9

Fact: Computing innovations can be used in ways that their creators had not originally intended. Name some examples.

Answer 9

The World Wide Web was originally intended
only for rapid and easy exchange of information within the scientific community.

Targeted advertising is used to help
businesses, but it can be misused at both
individual and aggregate levels. (how so?)

Machine learning and data mining have
enabled innovation in medicine, business,
and science, but information discovered in
this way has also been used to discriminate
against groups of individuals. (how so?)

Question 10

Some of the ways computing innovations can
be used may have a harmful impact on _________, ___________, or ____________.

Answer 10

society, the economy, or culture

Question 11

What are some of the ways computing innovations can be used may have a harmful impact on society, the economy, or culture?
Name the innovation, the harmful impact and the specific group impacted.

Question 12

Fact: Responsible programmers try to consider the unintended ways their computing innovations can be used and the potential beneficial and harmful effects of these new uses.
Would you say that programmers developing AI technology are doing that? Why or why not?

Question 13

Is it possible for a programmer to consider
all the ways a computing innovation can be
used?

Answer 13

No.

It is not possible for a programmer to consider all the ways a computing innovation can be used.

What are some examples of this happening? Of an innovation having unexpected and unintended effects?

Question 14

Fact: Computing innovations have often had
unintended beneficial effects by leading to
advances in other fields.

Name some examples.

Question 15

Fact: Rapid sharing of a program or running a
program with a large number of users can result in significant impacts beyond the intended purpose or control of the programmer.

Question 16

Fact: While computing innovations are typically designed to achieve a specific purpose, they may have unintended consequences.

Question 17

True or false: Internet access varies between
socioeconomic, geographic, and demographic characteristics, as well as between countries.

Answer 17

True
Name some examples and why/how it varies.

Question 18

The ____________ refers to differing access to
computing devices and the Internet, based on
socioeconomic, geographic, or demographic
characteristics.

Answer 18

digital divide

Question 19

Fact : The digital divide can affect both groups and individuals.
Name some examples.

Question 20

Fact: The digital divide raises issues of equity,
access, and influence, both globally and locally.
Name some of these issues.

Question 21

Fact: The digital divide is affected by the actions of individuals, organizations, and governments.
Name some of these actions.

Question 22

Can computing innovations can reflect existing human biases?

Answer 22

Yes
Name some examples.

Question 23

What are the sources of bias when creating computing innovations?

Answer 23

Biases written into the algorithms or biases in the data used by the innovation.

Name some examples.

Question 24

Fact: Programmers should take action to reduce bias in algorithms used for computing innovations as a way of combating existing human biases.

What are some ways that programmers can take action?

Question 25

Truth or False: Bias in programming can be completely avoided.

Answer 25

False While programmers should actively work to reduce bias in computing innovations. Biases can be embedded at all levels of software development.

Question 26

Fact: Widespread access to information and public data facilitates the identification of problems, development of solutions, and dissemination of results. Name some examples.

Question 27

Science has been affected by using distributed and __________ to solve scientific problems.

Answer 27

citizen science (which is an example of crowdsourcing)

Question 28

In __________, the public participates voluntarily in the scientific process to address real-world problems.

Answer 28

citizen science (which is an example of crowdsourcing)

Question 29

____________ is scientific research conducted in whole or part by distributed individuals, many of whom may not be scientists, who contribute relevant data to research using their own computing devices.

Answer 29

Citizen science (which is an example of crowdsourcing)

Question 30

______________ is the practice of obtaining input or information from a large number of people via the Internet.

Answer 30

Crowdsourcing

Question 31

Fact: Human capabilities can be enhanced by collaboration via computing.

Question 32

Fact: Crowdsourcing offers new models for collaboration, such as connecting businesses or social causes with funding. Name some examples of crowdsourcing for each type.

Question 33

Fact: Material created on a computer is the intellectual property of the creator or an organization.

Question 34

Fact: Ease of access and distribution of digitized information raises intellectual property concerns regarding ownership, value, and use. Name some instances when this has occurred.

Question 35

Fact: The use of material created by someone else without permission and presented as one’s own is plagiarism and may have legal consequences. Name some instances when this has occurred.

Question 36

What are some examples of legal ways to use materials?

Answer 36

creative commons, open source material, open access

Question 37

_______________ is a public copyright license that enables the free distribution of an otherwise copyrighted work. This is used when the content creator wants to give others the right to share, use, and build upon the work they have created.

Answer 37

Creative Commons

Question 38

___________ is when programs that are made freely available and may be redistributed and modified

Answer 38

open source

Question 39

____________ is when online research output free of any and all restrictions on access and free of many restrictions on use, such as copyright or license restrictions

Answer 39

open access

Question 40

Fact: The use of material created by someone other than you should always be cited.

Question 41

Name 3 things that have enabled broad access to digital information.

Answer 41

Creative Commons, open source, and open access have enabled broad access to digital information.

Question 42

Fact: As with any technology or medium, using computing to harm individuals or groups of people raises legal and ethical concerns.

Question 43

Fact: Computing can play a role in social and political issues, which in turn often raises legal and ethical concerns. Name some examples.

Question 44

Fact: Computing innovations can raise legal and ethical concerns. Name some examples of these.

Answer 44

the development of software that allows access to digital media downloads and streaming the development of algorithms that include bias the existence of computing devices that collect and analyze data by continuously monitoring activities

Question 45

Fact: The use of computing innovations may involve risks to personal safety and identity.

Question 46

________________ is information about an individual that identifies, links, relates, or describes them.

Answer 46

Personally identifiable information (PII)

Question 47

Examples of personally identifiable information (PII) include:

Answer 47

Social Security number age race phone number(s) medical information financial information biometric data

Question 48

Fact: Search engines can record and maintain a history of searches made by users.

Question 49

Fact: Websites can record and maintain a history of individuals who have viewed their pages.

Question 50

Fact: Devices, websites, and networks can collect information about a user’s location.

Question 51

Fact: Technology enables the collection, use, and exploitation of information about, by, and for individuals, groups, and institutions. Give some examples.

Question 52

In which ways can search engines use search history?

Answer 52

Ex. Search engines can use search history to suggest websites or for targeted marketing.

Question 53

Fact: Disparate personal data, such as geolocation, cookies, and browsing history, can be aggregated to create knowledge about an individual.

Question 54

What is metadata?

Answer 54

Metadata is simply data about data. It means it is a description and context of the data.

Question 55

Some examples of metadate of a file are:______

Answer 55

Some typical metadata elements: Title and description, Tags and categories, Who created and when, Who last modified and when, Who can access or update.

Question 56

Every time you take a photo with today's cameras a bunch of ____________ is gathered and saved with it.

Question 57

What are some examples of metadata that are stored when you take a digital picture?

Answer 57

date and time, filename, camera settings, geolocation.

Question 58

What are some ways that personally identifiable information (PII) and other information placed online can be used to enhance a user’s online experiences?

Answer 58

PII stored online can be used to simplify making online purchases.

Question 59

Fact: Commercial and governmental curation of information may be exploited if privacy and other protections are ignored.

Question 60

What are some ways that information placed online can be used in ways that were not intended and that may have a harmful impact?

Answer 60

For example, an email message may be forwarded, tweets can be retweeted, and social media posts can be viewed by potential employers. PII can be used to stalk or steal the identity of a person or to aid in the planning of other criminal acts. Information posted to social media services can be used by others. Combining information posted on social media and other sources can be used to deduce private information about you.

Question 61

Truth or false: Information placed online can be easily deleted.

Answer 61

Once information is placed online, it is difficult to delete.

Question 62

Fact: Programs can collect your location and record where you have been, how you got there, and how long you were at a given location.

Question 63

_____________________ protect devices and information from unauthorized access.

Answer 63

Authentication measures

Question 64

What are some examples of authentication measures?

Answer 64

Examples of authentication measures include strong passwords and multifactor authentication.

Question 65

A strong password is something that is easy for a user to remember but would be difficult for someone else to guess based on knowledge of that user.

Question 66

___________________ is a method of computer access control in which a user is only granted access after successfully presenting several separate pieces of evidence to an authentication mechanism, typically in at least two of the following categories: knowledge (something they know), possession (something they have), and inherence (something they are).

Answer 66

Multifactor authentication.

Question 67

___________________ requires at least two steps to unlock protected information; each step adds a new layer of security that must be broken to gain unauthorized access.

Answer 67

Multifactor authentication

Question 68

_________ is the process of encoding data to prevent unauthorized access.

Answer 68

Encryption

Question 69

_______ is the process of decoding the data.

Answer 69

Decryption

Question 70

Two common encryption approaches are:

Answer 70

Symmetric key encryption and Public key encryption.

Question 71

____________ involves one key for both encryption and decryption.

Answer 71

Symmetric key encryption

Question 72

__________ pairs a public key for encryption and a private key for decryption. The sender does not need the receiver’s private key to encrypt a message, but the receiver’s private key is required to decrypt the message.

Answer 72

Public key encryption

Question 73

Certificate authorities issue __________ that validate the ownership of encryption keys used in secure communications and are based on a trust model.

Answer 73

digital certificates

Question 74

___________________ can help protect a computing system against infection.

Answer 74

Computer virus and malware scanning software

Question 75

A ______________ is a malicious program that can copy itself and gain access to a computer in an unauthorized way.

Answer 75

computer virus

Question 76

____________ often attach themselves to legitimate programs and start running independently on a computer.

Answer 76

Computer viruses

Question 77

_______ is software intended to damage a computing system or to take partial control over its operation.

Answer 77

Malware

Question 78

All real-world systems have errors or design flaws that can be exploited to compromise them. What can developers do to maintain the safety of their programs?

Answer 78

Regular software updates help fix errors that could compromise a computing system.

Question 79

What can users do when installing a program to protect their privacy?

Answer 79

Users can control the permissions programs have for collecting user information. Users should review the permission settings of programs to protect their privacy.

Question 80

___________ is a technique that attempts to trick a user into providing personal information.

Answer 80

Phishing

Question 81

What can scammers do with your personal information after a phishing attack?

Answer 81

After a phishing attack, personal information can then be used to access sensitive online resources, such as bank accounts and emails.

Question 82

__________ is the use of a program to record every keystroke made by a computer user in order to gain fraudulent access to passwords and other confidential information.

Answer 82

Keylogging

Question 83

Fact: Data sent over public networks can be intercepted, analyzed, and modified.

Answer 83

One way that this can happen is through a rogue access point.

Question 84

A ___________ is a wireless access point that gives unauthorized access to secure networks.

Answer 84

rogue access point

Question 85

A ________ link can be disguised on a web page or in an email message.

Answer 85

malicious

Question 86

Fact: Unsolicited emails, attachments, links, and forms in emails can be used to compromise the security of a computing system. These can come from unknown senders or from known senders whose security has been compromised.

Question 87

Fact: Untrustworthy (often free) downloads from freeware or shareware sites can contain malware.