Big Idea 4-Computer Systems and Networks Flashcards

1
Q

A ____________ is a physical artifact that can run a program.

A

computing device

Comment: Some examples include personal computers, tablets, servers, routers, and smart sensors.

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2
Q

A ___________ is a group of computing devices and programs working together for a common purpose.

A

computing system

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3
Q

A __________ is a group of interconnected computing devices capable of sending or receiving data.

A

computer network

Comment: A computer network is a type of computing system.

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4
Q

A ________ between two computing devices on a computer network (a sender and a receiver) is a sequence of directly connected computing devices that begins at the sender and ends at the receiver.

A

path

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5
Q

_________ is the process of finding a path from sender to receiver.

A

Routing

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6
Q

The ________ of a computer network is the maximum amount of data that can be sent in a fixed amount of time.

A

bandwidth

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7
Q

Bandwidth is usually measured in _________.

A

bits per second

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8
Q

_________ is a computer network consisting of interconnected networks that use standardized, open (nonproprietary) communication protocols.

A

The Internet

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9
Q

Access to the Internet depends on the ability to _______ a computing device to an ___________ device.

A

connect, Internet-Connected

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10
Q

A _______ is an agreed-upon set of rules that specify the behavior of a system.

A

protocol

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11
Q

The protocols used in the Internet are _____, which allows users to easily connect additional computing devices to the Internet.

A

open

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12
Q

Routing on the Internet is usually _________; it is not specified in advance.

A

dynamic

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13
Q

The _______ of a system is the capacity for the system to change in size and scale to meet new demands.

A

scalability

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14
Q

The Internet was designed to be _______.

A

scalable

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15
Q

Information is passed through the Internet as a data stream. Data streams contain chunks of data, which are encapsulated in ________.

A

packets

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16
Q

Packets contain a chunk of ________ used for routing the packet between the origin and the destination on the Internet, as well as for data reassembly.

A

data and metadata

17
Q

True of False: Packets may arrive at the destination in order, out of order, or not at all.

A

True

18
Q

IP, TCP, and UDP are common _______ used on the Internet.

A

protocols

19
Q

The _________ is a system of linked pages, programs, and files.

A

World Wide Web

20
Q

______ is a protocol used by the World Wide Web.

A

HTTP

21
Q

The World Wide Web uses the _______.

A

Internet

22
Q

The Internet has been engineered to be ________, with abstractions for routing and transmitting data.

A

fault-tolerant

23
Q

________ is the inclusion of extra components that can be used to mitigate failure of a system if other components fail.

A

Redundancy

24
Q

One way to accomplish network redundancy is by having more than one ______ between any two connected devices.

A

path

Comment: If a particular device or connection on the Internet fails, subsequent data will be sent via a different route, if possible.

25
Q

When a system can support failures and still continue to function, it is called _________. This is important because elements of complex systems fail at unexpected times, often in groups, and ___________ allows users to continue to use the network.

A

fault-tolerant, fault tolerance

26
Q

The redundancy of routing options between two points increases the _______ of the Internet and helps it _______ to more devices and more people.

A

reliability, scale

27
Q

_____________ is a computational model in which operations are performed in order one at a time.

A

Sequential computing

28
Q

____________ is a computational model where the program is broken into multiple smaller sequential computing operations, some of which are performed simultaneously.

A

Parallel computing

29
Q

__________ is a computational model in which multiple devices are used to run a program.

A

Distributed computing

30
Q

Comparing _________ of solutions can be done by comparing the time it takes them to perform the same task.

A

efficiency

31
Q

A _________ takes as long as the sum of all of its steps.

A

sequential solution

32
Q

A ________ solution takes as long as its sequential tasks plus the longest of its parallel tasks.

A

parallel computing

33
Q

Solutions that use parallel computing can scale more _________ than solutions that use sequential computing.

A

effectively

34
Q

____________ allows problems to be solved that could not be solved on a single computer because of either the processing time or storage needs involved.

A

Distributed computing

Comment: Distributed is parallel computing but on multiple computers instead of just multiple processors within the same computer.

35
Q

__________ allows much larger problems to be solved quicker than they could be solved using a single computer.

A

Distributed computing

36
Q

Comment: When increasing the use of parallel computing in a solution, the efficiency of the solution is still limited by the sequential portion. This means that at some point, adding parallel portions will no longer meaningfully increase efficiency.

A