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AP Biology > Big Idea #2 Essentials > Flashcards

Big Idea #2 Essentials Flashcards

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1
Q

3 differences between prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells

A

-where DNA is stored (p: nucleoid, not membrane enclosed/ e: nucleus, double membrane enclosed) -organelles (p: not present/ e: present) -size (p: smaller/ e:larger)

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2
Q

In animal cells only

A

-lysosomes- digestive organelle, macromolecules are hydrolyzed -centrosomes/centrioles: used in cell division -flagella: movement

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3
Q

In plant cells only

A

-chloroplasts -central vacuole: storage, breakdown of waste, hydrolysis of macromolecules -cell wall: protects cell, maintains shape -plasmodesmata: channels through cell walls that connect cytoplasms of adjacent cells

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4
Q

(nucleus) nuclear envelope

A

double membrane enclosing nucleus, perforated by pores, continuous with ER

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5
Q

(nucleus) nucleolus

A

nonmembranous structure involved in production of ribosomes

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6
Q

(nucleus) chromatin

A

material consisting of DNA and proteins

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7
Q

endoplasmic reticulum (ER)

A

active in membrane synthesis and other synthetic and metabolic processes, detoxifying, has rough and smooth regions.

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8
Q

peroxisome

A

various specialized metabolic functions, produces hydrogen peroxide as by-product, then converts it to water

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9
Q

microvilli

A

projections that increase the cell’s surface area

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10
Q

golgi apparatus

A

active in synthesis, modification, sorting, and secretion of cell products

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11
Q

ribosomes

A

complexes that make proteins

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12
Q

role of phospholipids in cell membranes

A

make up cell membranes, hydrophobic tails, hydrophilic heads, double layered to make a bilayer, acts a boundary

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13
Q

role of proteins in cell membranes

A

transport of substances across cell membrane (transport proteins), response of cell to chemical stimuli (receptor proteins), speed up chemical reactions (enzymatic)

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14
Q

role of carbohydrates in cell membranes

A

attached to proteins or lipids outside the cell membrane (extracellular), protection/cushioning for cell membrane, cell recognition, attaches cells together

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15
Q

chemical force (ion’s concentration gradient) and electrical force (effect of membrane potential on ion’s movement, inside cell membrane is negative while the outside is positive) acting on an ion

A

electrochemical gradient

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16
Q

release of free energy, ex: cellular respiration

A

exergonic reaction

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17
Q

absorbtion of free energy, “uphill”,stores free energy, ex: photosynthesis

A

endergonic reaction

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18
Q

role of ATP

A

energy currency of the cell, providing the energy for most of the energy-consuming activities of the cell.

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19
Q

how do enzymes work in reactions

A

lowering activation energy

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20
Q

factors that influence enzyme activity

A

-temperature & pH -coenzymes/cofactors -inhibitors

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21
Q

how temperature & pH effect enzyme activity

A

increasing heat can speed up reactions, over that temperature can cause the protein molecule to denature from disrupting weak bonds. same with pH. there are optimal conditions for enzymes.

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22
Q

how cofactors effect enzyme activity

A

nonprotein helpers for catalytic activity

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23
Q

how enzyme inhibitors effect enzyme activity

A

inhibit actions of enzymes

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24
Q

three stages of cell communication

A
  1. reception: signaling molecule outside cell binds to a receptor protein 2. transduction: signaling molecule changes receptor protein, initiating transduction. converts signal to a form that can bring about a certain cellular response. 3. response
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25
Q

How G protein coupled receptors receive cell signals and start transduction

A

G protein coupled receptor -> G protein -> adenylyl cyclase, catalyzes the conversion of ATP to cAMP -> cAMP activates another protein -> response

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26
Q

How receptor tyrosine kinases recieve cell signals and start transduction

A

react to binding of signaling molecules by forming dimers and then adding phosphate groups the tyrosines on the cytoplasmic part of the other monomer making up the dimer. relay proteins in the cell can be activated by binding to diff. tyrosine phosphates, allowing several pathways to trigger at once.

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27
Q

apoptosis

A

programmed cell death, protects neighboring cells from damaging leakage

28
Q

C6H12O6 + 6O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + Energy (ATP and heat)

A

summary equation of cellular respiration

29
Q

difference between fermentation and cellular respiration

A

fermentation: partial degredation of sugars, anaerobic process. cellular respiration: more efficient, “aerobic” process

30
Q

role of glycolysis in oxidizing glucose to two molecules of pyruvate

A

glucose is split by glycolysis from one 6 carbon sugar to two 3 carbon sugars. oxidized, and their remaining atoms are rearranged to form two molecules of pyruvate.

31
Q

process that brings pyruvate from the cytosol into the mitochondria and introduces it into the citric acid cycle

A

via active transport, enters mitochondria. pyruvate’s carboxyl group is given off as CO2. remaining fragment is oxidized to form acetate. extracted electrons are transferred to NAD+ -> NADPH. coenzyme A attached to acetate to form acetyl CoA. acetyl group is fed into citric acid cycle to be further oxidized.

32
Q

how the process of chemiosmosis utilizes the electrons from NADH and FADH2 to produce ATP

A

electron transport chain uses exergonic flow of electrons from NADH to FADH2 to pump H+ across the membrane inside the membrane space. ATP synthesis is powered by the flow of H+ back across the cell membrane.

33
Q

6CO2 + 6H20 + Light energy -> C6H12O6 + 6O2 + 6H2O

A

summary equation of photosynthesis

34
Q

How leaf and chloroplast anatomy relates to photosynthesis

A

chloroplasts located on top of leaf to absorb sunlight. stomata located on bottom, so byproducts of photosynthesis can be regulated

35
Q

How photosystems convert solar energy to chemical energy

A

(known)

36
Q

How linear electron flow in the light reactions results in the formation of ATP, NADPH, and O2

A

(known)

37
Q

How chemiosmosis generates ATP in the light reactions

A

(known)

38
Q

How the Calvin cycle uses the energy molecules of light reactions to produce G3P

A

CO2 (one at a time) added to 5 carbon molecule RuBP, catalyzed by the enzyme rubisco. as the molecule is now unstable, it splits into 2 three carbon molecules (3-phosphoglycerate). energy from ATP and reducing power from NADPH, pair of three phosphoglycerates converted into 2 molecules of G3P. 3 CO2 molecules/1 G3P

39
Q

three subatomic particles and their signifigance

A

(known) protons neutrons electrons

40
Q

sharing of a pair of valence electrons by two atoms

A

covalent bond

41
Q

a pair of shared electrons

A

single bond

42
Q

sharing of two pairs of valence electrons

A

double bond

43
Q

electrons not shared equally

A

polar covalent bond

44
Q

electrons shared equally

A

nonpolar covalent bond

45
Q

complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms

A

ionic bond

46
Q

partial positive charge on a hydrogen atom that is covalently bonded to an electronegative atoms allows the hydrogen to be attracted to a different electronegative atom nearby

A

hydrogen bond

47
Q

four unique properties of water and how each contributes to life on earth

A

-cohesion, adhesion, surface tension -high heat capacity, makes temperature fluctuation infrequent, becomes suitable habitat -density, ice floats -universal solvent

48
Q

how to interpret the pH scale

A

based on H+ and OH- concentrations 0- acidic - H+ > OH- 7 - neutral 14- basic - OH- > H+

49
Q

how change in pH can alter biological systems

A

internal pH of most living cells is 7, slight changes can be harmful because chemical processes of cell are sensitive to concentrations of H+ and OH-

50
Q

importance of buffers in biological systems

A

minimizes changes of concentrations of H+ and OH- in a solution

51
Q

the properties of carbon that make it important

A

has valence of 4, can bond to various atoms, can bond to other carbon atoms

52
Q

role of dehydration reactions in the formation of organic compounds

A

two molecules covalently bonded, loss of water molecule, one monomer provides OH and other provides H, monomers added to chain one by one to make a polymer

53
Q

role of hydrolysis in the digestion of organic compounds

A

water added to dissasemble polymers. one monomer gets H attached, the other gets OH attached

54
Q
A

carbohydrate (glucose)

55
Q
A

lipid

56
Q
A

protein

57
Q
A

nucleic acid (cytosine)

58
Q

short term energy source

A

carbohydrates

59
Q

components of membrane, long term energy source, insolation

A

lipids

60
Q

organic catalysts, digestive enzymes, structural

A

proteins

61
Q

information molecule, heredity, director of metabolism involved in protein synthesis, immediate source of energy for cellular work

A

nucleic acids

62
Q

(structure) linear chain of animo acids

A

primary structure

63
Q

(structure) regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone, pleated sheet, alpha helix

A

secondary structure

64
Q

(structure) three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains, polypeptide

A

tertiary structure

65
Q

(structure) association of multiple polypeptides, forming a functional protein

A

quaternary structure

66
Q

impact of heat and pH on protein structure

A

weak chemical bonds may be destroyed, causing denaturation

67
Q

4 main ways prokaryotes maintain genetic diversity

A

transformation: uptake of foreign DNA
conjugation: DNA transfer (connect physically thru link)
transduction: phages (virus) carry DNA from one cell to another
mutation: change in DNA

AP Biology (3 decks)

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