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AP Biology > Big Idea #1 Vocabulary > Flashcards

Big Idea #1 Vocabulary Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

A heritable trait that enhances an individual’s fitness

A

Adaptation

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2
Q

The emergence of numerous species from a common ancestor introduced into a new environment, presenting a diversity of new opportunities and problems

A

Adaptive radiation

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3
Q

Alternative versions of a gene that produce distinguishable phenotypic effects

A

Allele

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4
Q

A mode of speciation induced when an ancestral population becomes segregated by a geographic barrier or is itself divided into two or more geographically isolated sub populations

A

Allopatric speciation

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5
Q

Similar structures that evolved separately in different lineages

A

Analogous structures

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6
Q

The ability of a microorganism to resist the effects of an antibiotic to which they were once sensitive

A

Antibiotic resistance

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7
Q

The selective breeding of domesticated plants and animals to encourage the occurrence of desirable traits

A

Artificial selection

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8
Q

genetic drift resulting from the reduction of a population, typically by natural disaster, such that the surviving population is no longer genetically representative of the original population

A

bottleneck effect

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9
Q

diagram depicting patterns of shared characteristics among species

A

cladogram

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10
Q

a group of species that includes an ancestral species and all its descendants

A

clades

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11
Q

an organism that is an ancestor of two different organisms that are not related to each other`

A

common ancestor

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12
Q

process whereby organisms, not closely related, independently evolve similar traits as a result of adapting to similar environments

A

convergent evolution

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13
Q

natural selection that favors individuals on both extremes of a phenotypic range over intermediate phenotypes

A

disruptive selection

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14
Q

natural selection that favors individuals at one end of the phenotypic range

A

directional selection

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15
Q

process by which interbreeding populations or species diverges into two or more descendant species, resulting in becoming more dissimilar

A

divergent evolution

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16
Q

movement of individuals out of a population

A

emigration

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17
Q

All the changes that have transformed life on Earth from its earliest beginnings to the diversity that characterizes it today

A

evolution

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18
Q

ability to produce offspring

A

fertility

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19
Q

genetic drift that occurs when a few individuals become isolated from a larger population, with the result that the new population’s gene pool is not reflective of the original population

A

founder effect

20
Q

genetic additions to or subtractions from a population resulting from the movement of fertile individuals or gametes

A

gene flow

21
Q

the total aggregate of genes in a population at any one time

A

gene pool

22
Q

unpredictable fluctuations in allele frequencies from one generation to the next because of a population’s finite size

A

genetic drift

23
Q

structures in different species that are similar because of common ancestry

A

homologous structures

24
Q

the influx of new individuals from other areas

A

immigration

25
Q

six different mechanisms that prevent the sperm and egg from coming together

A

isolation types

26
Q

a resource which cannot be made available on a scale which can sustain its composition rate

A

limited resources

27
Q

a rare change in the DNA of a gene ultimately creating genetic diversity

A

mutation

28
Q

Differential success in the reproduction of different phenotypes resulting from the interaction of organisms with their environment. Evolution occurs when __________causes changes in relative frequencies of alleles in the gene pool.

A

natural selection

29
Q

A species or group of species that is closely related to the group of species being studied, but clearly not as closely related as any study-group members are to each other.

A

outgroup

30
Q

the physical and physiological traits of an organism, which are determined by its genetic makeup

A

phenotype

31
Q

A branching diagram that represents a hypothesis about evolutionary relationships.

A

phylogenetic tree

32
Q

A localized group of individuals that belong to the same biological species (that are capable of interbreeding and producing fertile offspring)

A

population

33
Q

An aggregate of abiotically produced molecules surrounded by a membrane or membrane-like structure

A

protobiont

34
Q

the choice of mates in which chance plays the biggest part

A

random mating

35
Q

the existence of biological factors (barriers) that impede members of two species from producing viable, fertile hybrids

A

reproductive isolation

36
Q

A model of the origin of eukaryotes consisting of a sequence of endosymbiotic events in which mitochondria, chloroplasts, and perhaps other cellular structures were derived from small prokaryotes that had been engulfed by larger cells.

A

serial endosymbiosis

37
Q

natural selection for mating success

A

sexual selection

38
Q

origin of a new species in evolution

A

speciation

39
Q

a group whose members possess similar anatomical characteristics and have the ability to interbreed

A

species

40
Q

natural selection that favors intermediate variants by acting against extreme phenotypes

A

stabilizing selection

41
Q

incapable of producing offspring

A

sterility

42
Q

a mode of speciation occurring as a result of a radical change in the genome of a subpopulation, reproductively isolating the subpopulation from the parent population

A

sympatric speciation

43
Q

differences between members of the same species

A

variation

44
Q

structures of marginal, if any, importance to the organism. they are historical remnants of structures that had important functions in ancestors.

A

vestigial organs

45
Q

capable of living

A

viability

AP Biology (3 decks)

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