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A.P Chem > Big Idea 1 > Flashcards

Big Idea 1 Flashcards

Structure of Matter

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1
Q

Atomic Symbol

A
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2
Q

What is a pure substance?

A

Substance cannot be broken down (in simplest form)

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3
Q

What is a compound?

A

Pure substance composed of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

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4
Q

What is a molecule?

A

Simplest group of bonded atoms

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5
Q

What is a hydrate?

What is an anhydrate?

A

Contains fixed number of water molecules

No associated water molecules

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6
Q

What is a mixture?

A

The formation of two or more pure substances

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7
Q

What is an homogenous mixture?

What is an heterogenous mixture?

A

Mixture where properties are uniform

EX. Milk

Mixture where properties are not uniform (have different regions with different properties)

EX. Sugar and Sand

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8
Q

What is Thomas’s “Plum Pudding” Model?

A
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9
Q

What did Thompson work on?

A

Cathode Ray Tubes

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10
Q

What is Rutherford’s “Gold Foil Experiment” Model?

A
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11
Q

How and What did Rutherford find in his experiment?

A

How:Rutherford beamed alpha particles at gold foil

What: Found there was a dense, positively charged nucleus in the center of an atom

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12
Q

What are electron orbitals?

A

3-D regions surrounding the nucleus

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13
Q

What is Electromagnetic radiation?

What is a photon?

A

Radiant energy that is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields

Unit of Electromagnetic radiation

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14
Q

What is the Bohr Model?

What is the limitation of this Model?

A

It only represented the Hydrogen atom

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15
Q

What is Schrodinger’s Model?

A
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16
Q

What is the shape of the s-orbital?

A
17
Q

What is the shape of the p-orbital?

A
18
Q

What is the shape of the d-orbital?

A
19
Q

What happens during Combustion?

What are reactants & products?

A

Usually a rapid reaction that often produces a flame

Reactants: Oxygen

Products: CO2 and H2O

20
Q

Steps to Calculate Combustion

A
  1. Calculate moles of carbon from the mass of CO2
  2. Calulate moles of hydrogen from the mass of H2O
  3. Compare mole ratios and determine empirical formula
21
Q

What is the Aufbau Principle?

A

Each electron in a ground state atom occupies the lowest energy orbital available

22
Q

What is Hund’s Rule?

A

In the ground state, electrons occupy each orbital in a subshell singely before pairing up

23
Q

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

A

A single orbital cannot hold two spin-up or spin-down electrons. They can only exist together if they have oppostie spins.

24
Q

What is Ferromagnetism?

A

The permanent magnetism exhibited by some solid metals

25
Q

What is Paramagnetic?

A

Substances that contain unpaired electrons in one or more orbitals

26
Q

What is Diamagnetic?

A

Elements that are repelled by a magnetic field

27
Q

What is Coulumb’s Law?

A

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is proportional to the product of the charge of the electron and the effective nuclear charge

28
Q

What is effective nuclear charge, Zeff?

A

The apparent nuclear charge experienced by an electron after inner shell electron repulsion

29
Q

What is Ionization Energy?

How are First Ionization Energies displayed?

A

Energy required to remove the highest-outermost electron from an atom in the gas phase to form a cation

IE1 = X(g) → X+(g) + e-

IE2 = X+(g) → X2+(g) + e-

IE3 = X2+(g) → X3+(g) + e-

30
Q

What is the Periodic Trend for Ionization Energy?

A

Across a period, Ionization icreases

↑ Zeff + ↑ Coulomic attraction

Down a group, Ionization decreases

↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

31
Q

What is the Periodic Trend for Electron Affinity?

A

Across a period, Electron Affinity becomes more negative

↑ Zeff + ↑ Coulombic attraction

Down a group, Electron Affinity becomes less negative

↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Zeff + ↓ Coulombic attaraction

32
Q

What is the Periodic Trend for Atomic Radii?

A

Across a period, Atomic Radii decreases

↑ Zeff + ↑ Coulombic attraction

Down a group, Atomic Radii increases

↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

33
Q

What is the Periodic Trend for Ionic Radii?

A

Across a period, Ionic Radii decreases

↑ Zeff + ↑ Coulombic attraction

Down a group, Ionic Radii increases

↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

34
Q

What is Electronegativity?

A

The measure of how strongly an atom draws electrons toward itself in a covalent bond

35
Q

What is the Periodic Trend for Electronegativity?

A

Across a period, Electronegativity increases

↑ Zeff + ↑ Coulombic attraction

Down a group, Electronegativity decreases

↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Zeff + ↓ Coulombic attraction

A.P Chem (3 decks)

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