Big Idea 1

Question 1

Atomic Symbol

Answer 1

Question 2

What is a pure substance?

Answer 2

Substance cannot be broken down (in simplest form)

Question 3

What is a compound?

Answer 3

Pure substance composed of two or more different elements in a fixed ratio

Question 4

What is a molecule?

Answer 4

Simplest group of bonded atoms

Question 5

What is a hydrate?

What is an anhydrate?

Answer 5

Contains fixed number of water molecules

No associated water molecules

Question 6

What is a mixture?

Answer 6

The formation of two or more pure substances

Question 7

What is an homogenous mixture?

What is an heterogenous mixture?

Answer 7

Mixture where properties are uniform

EX. Milk

Mixture where properties are not uniform (have different regions with different properties)

EX. Sugar and Sand

Question 8

What is Thomas’s “Plum Pudding” Model?

Answer 8

Question 9

What did Thompson work on?

Answer 9

Cathode Ray Tubes

Question 10

What is Rutherford’s “Gold Foil Experiment” Model?

Answer 10

Question 11

How and What did Rutherford find in his experiment?

Answer 11

How:Rutherford beamed alpha particles at gold foil

What: Found there was a dense, positively charged nucleus in the center of an atom

Question 12

What are electron orbitals?

Answer 12

3-D regions surrounding the nucleus

Question 13

What is Electromagnetic radiation?

What is a photon?

Answer 13

Radiant energy that is composed of oscillating electric and magnetic fields

Unit of Electromagnetic radiation

Question 14

What is the Bohr Model?

What is the limitation of this Model?

Answer 14

It only represented the Hydrogen atom

Question 15

What is Schrodinger’s Model?

Answer 15

Question 16

What is the shape of the s-orbital?

Answer 16

Question 17

What is the shape of the p-orbital?

Answer 17

Question 18

What is the shape of the d-orbital?

Answer 18

Question 19

What happens during Combustion?

What are reactants & products?

Answer 19

Usually a rapid reaction that often produces a flame

Reactants: Oxygen

Products: CO₂ and H₂O

Question 20

Steps to Calculate Combustion

Answer 20

1. Calculate moles of carbon from the mass of CO₂
2. Calulate moles of hydrogen from the mass of H₂O
3. Compare mole ratios and determine empirical formula

Question 21

What is the Aufbau Principle?

Answer 21

Each electron in a ground state atom occupies the lowest energy orbital available

Question 22

What is Hund’s Rule?

Answer 22

In the ground state, electrons occupy each orbital in a subshell singely before pairing up

Question 23

What is the Pauli Exclusion Principle?

Answer 23

A single orbital cannot hold two spin-up or spin-down electrons. They can only exist together if they have oppostie spins.

Question 24

What is Ferromagnetism?

Answer 24

The permanent magnetism exhibited by some solid metals

Question 25

What is Paramagnetic?

Answer 25

Substances that contain unpaired electrons in one or more orbitals

Question 26

What is Diamagnetic?

Answer 26

Elements that are repelled by a magnetic field

Question 27

What is Coulumb's Law?

Answer 27

The energy required to remove an electron from an atom is proportional to the product of the charge of the electron and the effective nuclear charge

Question 28

What is effective nuclear charge, Z_eff?

Answer 28

The apparent nuclear charge experienced by an electron after inner shell electron repulsion

Question 29

What is Ionization Energy? How are First Ionization Energies displayed?

Answer 29

Energy required to remove the highest-outermost electron from an atom in the gas phase to form a cation IE₁ = X_(g) → X⁺_(g) + e^- IE₂ = X⁺(g) → X²⁺_(g) + e^- IE₃ = X²⁺_(g) → X³⁺_(g) + e^-

Question 30

What is the Periodic Trend for Ionization Energy?

Answer 30

*Across a period,* Ionization icreases ↑ Z_eff + ↑ Coulomic attraction *Down a group,* Ionization decreases ↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

Question 31

What is the Periodic Trend for Electron Affinity?

Answer 31

*Across a period,* Electron Affinity becomes more negative ↑ Z_eff + ↑ Coulombic attraction *Down a group,* Electron Affinity becomes less negative ↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Z_eff + ↓ Coulombic attaraction

Question 32

What is the Periodic Trend for Atomic Radii?

Answer 32

*Across a period,* Atomic Radii decreases ↑ Z_eff + ↑ Coulombic attraction *Down a group,* Atomic Radii increases ↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

Question 33

What is the Periodic Trend for Ionic Radii?

Answer 33

*Across a period,* Ionic Radii decreases ↑ Z_eff + ↑ Coulombic attraction *Down a group,* Ionic Radii increases ↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Coulombic attraction

Question 34

What is Electronegativity?

Answer 34

The measure of how strongly an atom draws electrons toward itself in a covalent bond

Question 35

What is the Periodic Trend for Electronegativity?

Answer 35

*Across a period,* Electronegativity increases ↑ Z_eff + ↑ Coulombic attraction *Down a group,* Electronegativity decreases ↑ Electron Shielding + ↓ Z_eff + ↓ Coulombic attraction