bible test ch. 1 and 2 Flashcards
testament
-written account of a covenant
-old and new testament = old and new covenant
ancestors
-sometimes referred to as the patriarchs or matriarchs
-includes abraham/ sarah, isaac/ rebekah, jacob/rachel/leah
bce
-an abbreviation for “before the common era”
-is used in place of bc (before christ) in academic studies
israel
-the entire people descended from abraham and sarah
-the northern kindgom centered in samaria
-a symbolic name given to jacob
egypt
-an ancient imperial power in northeast africa
-organized around the nile river
exodus
-the second book of the pentateuch
-describes the liberation of the israelities from the oppressive rule of pharoah
-also describes the giving of the law at mount sinai
the law
-the law of moses
-any regulations the jewish people understood as delineating faithfulness to God in terms of the coveneant he had made with israel
-used synonymously with torah
judges
-the translation of hebrew term more properly translated as “deliverers” or “saviors”
-the people who goverened over israel before the united monarchy
canaanite
-a term used to describe the inhabitants of the holy land prior to israels emergence there
judah
-the southern kingdom centered in jerusalem
northern kingdom
-10 tribes that broke away from judah after solomon’s reign
-it had alternative cultic sites at dan and bethel
sacrifice
-the offering of something valuable
-ex. crops from a filed or an animal from one’s flock
-an expression of worship
assyria
-the northern mesopotamian empire
-had a significant imipact on the northern and southern kingdoms of israel and judah especially during the 8th and 7th centuries bce
samaritans
-semitic people who lived in samaria at the time of Jesus and claimed to be the true israel
-descendants of tribes taken into captivity by the assyrians
exile
-shorthand for the 6th century bce period in which many jews were forcibly deported from the holy land and relocated to mesopotamia
-most notably babylon
babylon
-a southern mesopotamian power
-responsible for the deportation of jews to mesopotamia
exiles
-in israelite history, the jews who were deported to mesopotamia after jerusalem was conquered by babylon
cyrus the great
-persian emperor
-conquered the ancient near east
-permittd exiled jews to return to their land and rebuild their temple
persia
-a large area of mesopotamia
-north of the persian gulf
-the center of the persian empire which ruled portions of the anccient near east form 539- 332 bce
ce
-a abbreviation for “common era”
-typically used for dates in place of ad (“in the year of the lord”)
second temple period
-the era in jewish history between the dedication of the second jerusalem temple in 515 bce and its destruction in 70 ce
synagogue
-a congregation of jews who gather for worship, prayer, and bible study
-a place where they gather for these purposes
diaspora
-jews living in exile outside the holy land
-aka the dispersion
torah
-the law of moses
-the pentateuch
-the first five books of the hebrew bible
ancient near east
-geographical area that runs east to west form turkey to the arabian peninsula
hellenistic
-affected by hellenism
-the invluence of greek and roman culture, customs, philosophy, and modes of thought
-ex. jewish people were said to be “hellenized” when they adopted greco-roman customs or came to believe porpositions derived from greek philosophy
seleucids
-the syrian dynastic family that rule palestine during the years 198- 167 bce
antiochus iv epiphanes
-a 2nd century bce king of the seleucid empire
-was responsible for religiously persecuting jews living in judea
-these events influenced the latter chapters of the book of daniel
hasmoenean
-the family name of the jewish rebels wo led a successful revolt against the syrians in 167 bce
principalities
-powerful spiritual beings that excersize their influence in a dimension not perceptabe to human senses
ptolemies
-the egyptian dynastic family that ruled palestine during the years 320- 198 bce
pentateuch
-the first 5 books of the bible
-sometimes called the torah
-genesis, exodus, leviticus, numbers, deuteronomy
holy land
-a term used to describe the land promised to abraham and sarah and their descendants
aram
-the ancestors of the armeans
-according the bible it also sometimes describes a geographical location referring to the aramic city state of damascus or locations where arameans live
neo-assyrian
-an empire based in northern mesopotamia
-ruled much of the ancient near east from the middle of the 8th century bce until 609 bce
neo-babylonian empire
-an empire based in southern mesopotamia
-ruled much of the ancient near east from 612-539 bce
yehud
-a term fort eh province of judah during the persian period
priests
-in second temple jerusalem they were people authorized to oversee the sacrificial system in the jerusalem temple
-closely associated with the saducees
prophet
-someone claiming to bear a message from a divine sourcw
second temple judaism
-a general term for the diverse culture, practices, and beliefs of jewish people during the second temple period
-this was from 515 bce- 70 ce
jordan river
-a marjor river system in israel running north to south
-connected the sea of galilee to the dead sea
transjordan
-the georgraphic region of israel east of the jordan river
polytheism
-the belief that there are multiple gods
henotheism
-a belief in mulitple gods
-also believe that 1 god rules over all others
monolatry
-the worship of a single god
-do not deny the existence of others
monotheism
-the belief that there is only one God
judaism
-a general term for the religious systems and beliefs of jewish people
-in Jesus’ day there were varieties of judaism
-they all shared fundamental deas and practices
demon
-an evil or uncleann spirit
-capable of possesing people and incapacitating them with some form of illness or disability
anoint
-to use oil to symbolize the selection of a royal figure
iron age
-the period of human culture from 1200 ce to 586 ce
-the period in which israel developed form a loose confederation of tribes into a kingdom
scribes
-professionsal skilled in teaching, copying, and interpreting texts
-in second temple judaism they were closely associated with the pharisees
genre
-a type or form of literature
-(ex. poetry, letter, narrative)
scripture
-the sacred writings of the bible
-believed to be inspired by God
-viewed as authoritative for faith and practice
tanak
-an acronym for the jewish bible
-torah (pentateuch), nevi’im (prophets), and ketuvim (writings)
canon
-literally “rule” or “standard”
-refers to an authoritative list of books offically accepted as scripture
septuagint
-a greek tarnslation of the old testament
-produced during the last 3 centuries bce
-abbreviated lxx
-included 15 ectra books taht the protestant call the apocrypha
-eleven of these are classed as deutetronomical writings by roman catholics
protestant reformation
-a religious movement of the 16th century
-sought t reform roman catholic church
-led to the establishment of protestant churches
sadducees
-one of the major jewish groups during the second temple period
-closely related with the temple in jerusalem
-concerned with maintaining the sacrifical system
-most priests were sadducees
faith
-a strong belief in god or religious doctrines
-often an reitnatino of complete trust and confidence in God
-transforms one’s life and being
compositional history
-a description of how a text came to be in its present form
manuscript
-in biblical studies it is a handwritten document containing a portion of the bible
vulgate
-a latin translation fo the bible
-produced by jerome in the 4th century ce
-virtually the only bible used in western christianity for over a thousand years
apocrypha
-books of the old testament with varying degrees of scriptural status and authority among the protestant, roman catholic, and orthodox christians
-many of these books are included int eh septuagint writings
deuterocanonical writings
-a term used primarily by roman catholics
-refers to eleven of the fifteen books that protestants call the apocrypha
-the books are regarded as “secondary canon”
-part of scripture but distinct from both old and new testament writings
persecution
-a program or campaign to exterminate, drive away, or subjugate people based on their membership in a religious ethnic, or social group
maccabees
-literally “hammers”
-the nickname given to jewish rebels who led a successful revolt against the syrians in 167 bce
wisdom literature/ wisdom tradition
-biblical and other ancient materials
-focus on common-sense observations about life
-examples include proverbs, job, and ecclesiastes
vision
-a revelatory, visual medium
-typically experienced by prophets and apocalyptic visionaries
dead sea scrolls
-a collection of jeish documents copied and preserved between 250 bce and 70 ce
qumran
-a site in palestine near the dead sea
-it is believed the essenes had their monastic community there
-many of the dead sea scrolls were found in close proximity to this settlement
oral tradition
-material passed on by word of mouth
-early christians relied on oral tradition and written sources when writing the gospels
pharaoh
-the tradition title for the king of egypt
deuteronomistic/ deuteronomy history
-an academic term for the narrative unit from deuteronomy through kings
pharisees
-one of the major jewish groups
-active during the second temple period
-associated with synagouges
-placed high value on faithfulness to the torah
-most rabbis and many scribes were pharisees
essenes
-ascetic separatist jews
-lived in private communities
-probably identified with the group that lived at qumran and preserved a library of manuscripts known as the dead sea scrolls
rabbis
-jewish teachers
-many had disciples or followers
-closely associated with the pharisees
talmud
-a collection of 63 books
-contain jewish civil and canonical law
-based on interpretations of scripture
mishnah
-a collection of rabbinic discussions
-about the interprestation of the law of moses
-forms one major part of the jewish talmud
social location
-a person’s social identity in terms of age, gender, race, nationality, social class, marital status
what was the first time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-period of the ancestors
-prior to 1500 bce
what was the second time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-slavery in egypt and the exodus
-1500 -1240 bce
what was the third time period of the jewish history and when was it from?
-emergence of isreal and settlement in the land
-1200-1000 bce
what was the fourth time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-united monarchy
-1025- 922 bce
what was the fifth time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-divided monarchy
-922- 586 bce
what was the sixth time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-northern kingdom
-922- 722/21 bce
what was the seventh time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-southern kingdom
-922-586 bce
what was the eight time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-exile
-586- 537 bce
what was the ninth time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-persian period
-539-333 bce
what was the tenth time period of jewish history and when was it from?
-hellenistic period
-332- 63 bce
who were the kings of the united monarchy?
-saul
-david
-solomon
what two tribes made up judah?
-judah
-benjamin
who was the key ruler of the assyrian empire?
-shalemaneser II
who was the key ruler of the babylonian empire?
-nebuchadnezzar
what year was the northern kingdom captured?
722 bce
what year was the southern kingdom captured?
597 bce
what year was the second temple completed?
515 bce
which countries share a border with israel?
-syria
-moab
-edom
-ammon
-phoencia
which mountains were important to israel’s history?
-mt carmel
-mt sinai
-mt hermon
-mt samaria?
what was the diet of the israelites like?
-bread
-wine
-olive oil
-grains
-rarely ate meat
-ate other fruits, veggies, and dairy products taht were seasonal
what crops did israelities grow?
-grapes
-olives
-grains
-other seasonal fruits and veggies
-beans
which tribe was made into the priests and was not given a land?
-levi or the levites
what does tanak mean in ancient hebrew?
-torah
-nevi’im
-ketuvim
what books make up the torah?
-genesis
-exodus
-leviticus
-numbers
-deuteronomy
what books make up the historical books?
-joshua
-judges
-ruth
-1 & 2 samuel
-1 & 2 kings
-1 & 2 chronicles
-ezra
-nehemiah
-esther
what books make up the wisdom and poetry books?
-job
-psalms
-proverbs
-ecclesiastes
-song of solomon
what books make up the major prophets?
-isaiah
-jeremiah
-lamentations
-ezekiel
-daniel
what books make up the minor prophets?
-hosea
-joel
-amos
-obadiah
-jonah
-micah
-nahum
-habakkuk
-zepaniah
-haggai
-zecharaiah
-malachi
what is the date of origins of the dead sea scrolls?
-they were created from 250 bce to 70 ce
what was the name of the group who created and preserved the dead sea scrolls?
-the essenes
what is the oldest texts in the bible?
-the songs:
-testament of jacob
-songs of moses and miriam
-exodus 34:6-7 (early creedal fragment)
-moses’ farwell blessing
-psalm 68
-song of the bow
what is the masoretic text/ tradition?
-the modern versions of the tanak are based on these sources
-hebrew texts created by the masoretes
-the leningrad codex and the aleppo codex are the best ones
who were the masoretes?
-a group of scribes responsible for creating a system of marginal notes
-also copied and preserved the hebrew consonantal texts
-developed symbols for vowels, accents, and cantillation marks
-made the masoretic manuscripts like the leningrad and aleppo codexes
what is biblical authority?
-refers to the fact that the word is from God/ inspired by him
-the chapter and verse numbers themselves are not inspired by him
what is the three- part jewish canon?
-tanak
-torah (law)
-nevi’im (prophets)
-ketuvim (writings)
what is the five- part christian canon?
-pentateuch
-historical books
-poetry
-major prophets
-minor prophets
what are the lengingrad and aleppo codexes?
-masoretic manuscripts
-aleppo codex is the oldest, mostly complete text of the tanak
-leningrad is the complete manuscript while the aleppo is missing the pnetateuch and most of the writings
