BG29

Question 1

heritability of cognition

general intelligence heritability

Answer 1

meta-analysis found heritability of 0.5 for cognition

0.52

Question 2

Corerlation of intelligence qualities

Answer 2

= G
can be estiamted using a PCA and IQ is then worked out by deviated
G is normally distributed

Question 3

WHIS

Answer 3

wechester adult intelligence scale
- series of vocab artithatic tests which are highly correlated

** emotional intelligence is not correlatied

Question 4

Heritability of G

Answer 4

twin studies use the ACE model
A = additive genetic componnent
C = common environment
E = unique environment

• correlation for monozygotic twins is stronger than correlation for dizygotic twins
• falconers equation can be used to work out heritability from these studies.

Question 5

caveats of twin studies

Answer 5

might cause overestimation of heritability
correlation between genetic and environmental variation.
- clever parents more stimualting enviro et.
maternal effects in utero could also affect twin studies e.g. mothers alcohol consumption

Question 6

Genes behind intelligence

Answer 6

clearly inheritable
gwas failed to replicate significant hits
- found many small effects

Question 7

UK biobank

Answer 7

500 thousand volunteers gave phenotypes and genotypes
- verbal/numerical/reaction tests and education attainment
-

Question 8

uk biobank results

Answer 8

discovered 46 regions which showed statistical signifcant associations between SNPs and phenotypes

Question 9

genes that came up as associated with intelligence in UK biobank

Answer 9

ATXN2 =RNA processing
Sh2b3 = growth repressor
Cypdxd6 = cytochrome serotonin
CSADN2 = cell adhesion

Question 10

educational attainment and intelligence

Answer 10

gene associated with no. of years of schooling
atleast 20% of the variation in level of education attainment is heritable
GWAS identified 74 distinct regions
- no. strong genetic correlations with no. of years in education.

Question 11

mutations and highly conserved genes

Answer 11

looked at highily conserved genes with high purifying selection associated with intelligence.
mutations that are disruptive or damaging have an average impact upon years of education

• every additional mutation is highly conserved gene costs around 3.1 months of education.

Question 12

effects of traits on education

Answer 12

will power
behaviour problems
health
- all have deleterious effects on years in education
- shown to be associated with GCSEs via twin studies.
- additive genetic correlation with GCSEs

Question 13

Genetics of social depravation

Answer 13

• common SNPs explain 21% of the varaition in the popualtion
• GWAS study finds two loci associatedw tih household income, C2 and C19
  C2 = intellectual dissability
  C19 = assocaited witih schizophrenia

Question 14

corerlation between social depravation and household income

Answer 14

suggests reason people are poor is due to bad health, predisposition to disease

• if less intelligence, shorter and less likely to have a high income.
• relationship between social structure and genetic structure.