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My 805 class cards > Better Quiz 2 > Flashcards

Better Quiz 2 Flashcards

1
Q

Mitochondria

A

Houses the ETC to produce the largest amount of ATP

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2
Q

Plasma Membrane

A

Protects and surrounds the cell with phospholipids. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

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3
Q

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Covered in ribosomes. Responsible for protein synthesis closes to the nucleus to grab RNA

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4
Q

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

A

Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxifying

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5
Q

Golgi Apparatus

A

Quality control. Is the protein okay to ship out of the cell?

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6
Q

Cellular Response to Stress: Reversible Response

A

withstand assault but will return to normal

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7
Q

Cellular Response to Stress: Adaptive Response

A

Changes structure/function to adapt but can usually be reversible

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8
Q

Cellular Response to Stress: Death

A

Apoptosis or necrosis when too severe

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9
Q

Types of Reversible Cell Injury (2)

A

1) hydropic swelling

2) intracellular accumulation of macromolecules

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10
Q

Hydropic Swelling

A

accumulation of water in cell which will make the cell swell which leads to organ swelling–causing problems: Na+-K+ pump fail due to lack of ATP (no O2).

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11
Q

Inhibitors of ETC

A

Cyanide and CO bind to cytochrome oxidase on ETC so no ATP is made. CO can also displace O2 on RBCs.

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12
Q

Uncouplers of ETC

A

allow another pathway–Brown Fat (Adipose) to flood protons to generate ETC (heat)

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13
Q

What happens if your cells have accumulations of macromolecules?

A

toxicity
inflammation
crowding
disruption of cell function

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14
Q

what are the 3 categories of excessive accumulation?

A

accumulation of…

1) normal substances
2) abnormal proteins
3) indigestible substances (exogenous and endogenous)Wha

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15
Q

Why does your cell accumulate too many normal substances like lipids, carbs, glycogen, protein, etc. ?

A

A body dysfunction or excessive intake

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16
Q

Examples of carbs and protein accumulation:

A 
Diabetes (carbs)
Renal disease (proteins)
17
Q

Examples of exogenous indigestible particles:

A

tattoo

black lung from coal mine

18
Q

Examples of endogenous indigestible particles:

A

Heme becomes bilirubin–> to the liver and then to feces.

If liver disease, build up of bilirubin (yellow).

19
Q

What type of bilirubin can be toxic/damaging?

A

Unconjugated

20
Q

Atrophy

A

decrease in size and function of cell

21
Q

Examples of Atrophy: (1)

A

Advanced Alzheimer’s Disease

22
Q

Hypertrophy

A

increase in size and function of cell

23
Q

Example of Hypertrophy: (2)

A

Working out/Building muscle

If the heart has to work hard due to high BP, the heart muscle will grow larger

24
Q

Hyperplasia

A

Increase in cell numbers (mitosis)

25
Q

Examples of Hyperplasia: (4)

A

Increasing thickness of endometrial for pregnancy

Calluses or corns on feet/fingers

Increase RBC production–high altitude places

Increase in WBCs—bacterial infection to increase neutraphils

26
Q

Metaplasia:

A

convert from one cell type to another

27
Q

Examples of Metaplasia: (2)

A

Smoker lungs change from columnar cell to simple squamous cells

Chronic acid reflux change from Squamous to Columnar (increase in goblet cells)

28
Q

Dsyplasia

A

abnormal variations in size shape arrangement

29
Q

Examples of Dysplasia: (1)

A

cancer

30
Q

Necrosis

A

cellular explosion and release of contents that cause inflammation

31
Q

Apoptosis

A

more control, programmed cell death, clean

32
Q

Apoptosis: Extrinsic signals

A

happens externally–growth factors, cell-to-cell interaction, O2, etc.

33
Q

Apoptosis: Intrinsic signals

A

Inside the cell: DNA damage, mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress

34
Q

Hypoxia

A

oxygen deficiency, lack of ability to make ATP in the cells

35
Q

Ischemia

A

most common type of hypoxia, reduced blood flow so lack of waste removal and nutrient delivery

36
Q

Ischemia in the brain cells

A

contributes to most acute brain injury and stroke

My 805 class cards (2 decks)

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