Better Quiz 2

Question 1

Mitochondria

Answer 1

Houses the ETC to produce the largest amount of ATP

Question 2

Plasma Membrane

Answer 2

Protects and surrounds the cell with phospholipids. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell

Question 3

Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 3

Covered in ribosomes. Responsible for protein synthesis closes to the nucleus to grab RNA

Question 4

Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum

Answer 4

Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxifying

Question 5

Golgi Apparatus

Answer 5

Quality control. Is the protein okay to ship out of the cell?

Question 6

Cellular Response to Stress: Reversible Response

Answer 6

withstand assault but will return to normal

Question 7

Cellular Response to Stress: Adaptive Response

Answer 7

Changes structure/function to adapt but can usually be reversible

Question 8

Cellular Response to Stress: Death

Answer 8

Apoptosis or necrosis when too severe

Question 9

Types of Reversible Cell Injury (2)

Answer 9

1) hydropic swelling

2) intracellular accumulation of macromolecules

Question 10

Hydropic Swelling

Answer 10

accumulation of water in cell which will make the cell swell which leads to organ swelling–causing problems: Na+-K+ pump fail due to lack of ATP (no O2).

Question 11

Inhibitors of ETC

Answer 11

Cyanide and CO bind to cytochrome oxidase on ETC so no ATP is made. CO can also displace O2 on RBCs.

Question 12

Uncouplers of ETC

Answer 12

allow another pathway–Brown Fat (Adipose) to flood protons to generate ETC (heat)

Question 13

What happens if your cells have accumulations of macromolecules?

Answer 13

toxicity
inflammation
crowding
disruption of cell function

Question 14

what are the 3 categories of excessive accumulation?

Answer 14

accumulation of…

1) normal substances
2) abnormal proteins
3) indigestible substances (exogenous and endogenous)Wha

Question 15

Why does your cell accumulate too many normal substances like lipids, carbs, glycogen, protein, etc. ?

Answer 15

A body dysfunction or excessive intake

Question 16

Examples of carbs and protein accumulation:

Answer 16

Diabetes (carbs)
Renal disease (proteins)

Question 17

Examples of exogenous indigestible particles:

Answer 17

tattoo

black lung from coal mine

Question 18

Examples of endogenous indigestible particles:

Answer 18

Heme becomes bilirubin–> to the liver and then to feces.

If liver disease, build up of bilirubin (yellow).

Question 19

What type of bilirubin can be toxic/damaging?

Answer 19

Unconjugated

Question 20

Atrophy

Answer 20

decrease in size and function of cell

Question 21

Examples of Atrophy: (1)

Answer 21

Advanced Alzheimer’s Disease

Question 22

Hypertrophy

Answer 22

increase in size and function of cell

Question 23

Example of Hypertrophy: (2)

Answer 23

Working out/Building muscle

If the heart has to work hard due to high BP, the heart muscle will grow larger

Question 24

Hyperplasia

Answer 24

Increase in cell numbers (mitosis)

Question 25

Examples of Hyperplasia: (4)

Answer 25

Increasing thickness of endometrial for pregnancy Calluses or corns on feet/fingers Increase RBC production--high altitude places Increase in WBCs---bacterial infection to increase neutraphils

Question 26

Metaplasia:

Answer 26

convert from one cell type to another

Question 27

Examples of Metaplasia: (2)

Answer 27

Smoker lungs change from columnar cell to simple squamous cells Chronic acid reflux change from Squamous to Columnar (increase in goblet cells)

Question 28

Dsyplasia

Answer 28

abnormal variations in size shape arrangement

Question 29

Examples of Dysplasia: (1)

Answer 29

cancer

Question 30

Necrosis

Answer 30

cellular explosion and release of contents that cause inflammation

Question 31

Apoptosis

Answer 31

more control, programmed cell death, clean

Question 32

Apoptosis: Extrinsic signals

Answer 32

happens externally--growth factors, cell-to-cell interaction, O2, etc.

Question 33

Apoptosis: Intrinsic signals

Answer 33

Inside the cell: DNA damage, mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress

Question 34

Hypoxia

Answer 34

oxygen deficiency, lack of ability to make ATP in the cells

Question 35

Ischemia

Answer 35

most common type of hypoxia, reduced blood flow so lack of waste removal and nutrient delivery

Question 36

Ischemia in the brain cells

Answer 36

contributes to most acute brain injury and stroke