Better Quiz 2 Flashcards
Mitochondria
Houses the ETC to produce the largest amount of ATP
Plasma Membrane
Protects and surrounds the cell with phospholipids. Regulates what enters and leaves the cell
Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum
Covered in ribosomes. Responsible for protein synthesis closes to the nucleus to grab RNA
Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum
Involved in lipid metabolism and detoxifying
Golgi Apparatus
Quality control. Is the protein okay to ship out of the cell?
Cellular Response to Stress: Reversible Response
withstand assault but will return to normal
Cellular Response to Stress: Adaptive Response
Changes structure/function to adapt but can usually be reversible
Cellular Response to Stress: Death
Apoptosis or necrosis when too severe
Types of Reversible Cell Injury (2)
1) hydropic swelling
2) intracellular accumulation of macromolecules
Hydropic Swelling
accumulation of water in cell which will make the cell swell which leads to organ swelling–causing problems: Na+-K+ pump fail due to lack of ATP (no O2).
Inhibitors of ETC
Cyanide and CO bind to cytochrome oxidase on ETC so no ATP is made. CO can also displace O2 on RBCs.
Uncouplers of ETC
allow another pathway–Brown Fat (Adipose) to flood protons to generate ETC (heat)
What happens if your cells have accumulations of macromolecules?
toxicity
inflammation
crowding
disruption of cell function
what are the 3 categories of excessive accumulation?
accumulation of…
1) normal substances
2) abnormal proteins
3) indigestible substances (exogenous and endogenous)Wha
Why does your cell accumulate too many normal substances like lipids, carbs, glycogen, protein, etc. ?
A body dysfunction or excessive intake
Examples of carbs and protein accumulation:
Diabetes (carbs) Renal disease (proteins)
Examples of exogenous indigestible particles:
tattoo
black lung from coal mine
Examples of endogenous indigestible particles:
Heme becomes bilirubin–> to the liver and then to feces.
If liver disease, build up of bilirubin (yellow).
What type of bilirubin can be toxic/damaging?
Unconjugated
Atrophy
decrease in size and function of cell
Examples of Atrophy: (1)
Advanced Alzheimer’s Disease
Hypertrophy
increase in size and function of cell
Example of Hypertrophy: (2)
Working out/Building muscle
If the heart has to work hard due to high BP, the heart muscle will grow larger
Hyperplasia
Increase in cell numbers (mitosis)
Examples of Hyperplasia: (4)
Increasing thickness of endometrial for pregnancy
Calluses or corns on feet/fingers
Increase RBC production–high altitude places
Increase in WBCs—bacterial infection to increase neutraphils
Metaplasia:
convert from one cell type to another
Examples of Metaplasia: (2)
Smoker lungs change from columnar cell to simple squamous cells
Chronic acid reflux change from Squamous to Columnar (increase in goblet cells)
Dsyplasia
abnormal variations in size shape arrangement
Examples of Dysplasia: (1)
cancer
Necrosis
cellular explosion and release of contents that cause inflammation
Apoptosis
more control, programmed cell death, clean
Apoptosis: Extrinsic signals
happens externally–growth factors, cell-to-cell interaction, O2, etc.
Apoptosis: Intrinsic signals
Inside the cell: DNA damage, mitochondrial failure, oxidative stress
Hypoxia
oxygen deficiency, lack of ability to make ATP in the cells
Ischemia
most common type of hypoxia, reduced blood flow so lack of waste removal and nutrient delivery
Ischemia in the brain cells
contributes to most acute brain injury and stroke
