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BES Flashcards

1
Q

hedonism

A

plessure the main thing

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2
Q

ascetism

A

atsisakymas plessure

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3
Q

contractarianism

A

tobulas pasaulis bet visi turi laikyti taisykliu

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4
Q

altruism

A

nesavanaudis

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5
Q

managerial interity

A

virtious ethics but in businesses world: wisdom, kindness, honstly

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6
Q

virtue ethics

A

amzinosios vertybes

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7
Q

kantianism

A

elgtis su kitais taip kaip nori kad su tavim elgtusi, kentetis visus

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8
Q

negative utilitarianism

A

to reduce pain

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9
Q

utilitarianism

A

greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people

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10
Q

Ethical absolutism

A

The are eternal, universally applicable moral principles.

Ethical absolutism is the concept that ethical rules are the same everywhere. As an example of ethical absolutism, consider that the United Nations unanimously passed the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, from which some of those rights are: Everyone has the right to life, liberty, and security of person.

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11
Q

Ethical relativism

A

Morality is context-dependent and subjective.

person believes that abortion is morally wrong

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12
Q

Descriptive relativism

A

does NOT accept that different sets of beliefs can be equally right, but accepts that various cultures have different ethics (critical perspective, but avoiding “cultural supremacy / colonialism / imperialism”).

NEPRIPAŽĮSTA, kad skirtingi įsitikinimai gali būti teisingi, bet SUTINKA kad įvairios kultūros turi skirtingą etiką

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13
Q

Ethical pluralism

A

Middle ground between ethical absolutism and relativism.

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14
Q

Cognitivism

A

Objective moral truths which can be known.

Mary is a good person, or that stealing and lying are always wrong.

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15
Q

Non-cognitivism

A

Objective assessment of moral belief is not possible, as everything is subjective.

disagree with someone saying, “‘Eating meat is wrong’

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16
Q

Natural rights

A

Certain basic, important, unalienable entitlements that should be protected in every single action.

  • Based on consensus about nature of human dignity.
  • Strongly based on Western view of morality.
  • Example: Universal Declaration of Human rights (1948).
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17
Q

Theories of justice

A

The simultaneously fair treatment of individuals in a given situation, with the result that everybody gets what they deserve

gets what they deserve

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18
Q

who represents Theory of Justice

A

John Rawls’s

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19
Q

Egoism theories

A

An action is morally right if the decision-maker freely decides to pursue their (short-term) desires or their (long-term) interests.

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20
Q

who represents EGOISM

A

Adam Smith – pursuit of individual interest morally acceptable through market’s “invisible hand” that benefits everybody.

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21
Q

Enlightened egoism

A

conviction that persons who act to further the interests of others, ultimately serve their own self-interest.

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22
Q

Feminist ethics (ethics of care)

A

Prioritizes empathy, harmonious and healthy social relationships, care for one another, and avoidance of harm, above abstract principles.

Cooperation, compromise

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23
Q

ethics of right

A

winning and competition

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24
Q

Consequentialism

A

Assessing moral right or wrong in terms of the consequences of actions (consequences are what counts, no matter the principles)

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25
Q

According to utilitarianism, an action is morally right if it results in the greatest amount of good for the greatest amount of people affected by the action:

A
  • Purpose of morality is to make the world a better place.
  • Based on consequentialism.
  • Emphasis on the overall good, so as to bring the
    biggest amount of benefit to all people.
  • Bringing scientific certainty to ethics.
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26
Q

Jeremy Bentham

A

Believed that we should try to increase the
overall amount of pleasure in the world.

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27
Q

George E. Moore

A

Suggested that we should strive to maximize ideal values such as freedom, knowledge, justice, and beauty.

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28
Q

John Stuart Mill

A

Believed that happiness, not pleasure, should be the standard of utility.

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29
Q

Kenneth Arrow

A

Argued that what has intrinsic value is preference satisfaction.

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30
Q

Act utilitaniarism

A

looks to single actions and bases the moral judgement on the amount of pleasure and the amount of pain this single action causes.

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31
Q

Rule utilitaniarism

A

looks at classes of actions, and asks whether the underlying principles of an action produce more pleasure than pain for society in the long run.

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32
Q

Immanuel Kant

A
  • Principle 1 (Consistency): An action can only be regarded as right is the rule guiding that behaviour should be followed consistently by everyone in all cases, without contradiction.
  • Principle 2 (Human Dignity-Respect): We should always act so that we treat other humans always as an end and never as a means only.
  • Principle 3 (Universality): Our actions must be acceptable to every rational human being, not because they have been told to accept them, but because they are rationally acceptable [thus overcoming the subjectivity risk of utilitarianism]“ -> New York Times Test”

1 principas (nuoseklumas): veiksmas gali būti laikomas tik teisingu, tai yra taisyklė, pagal kurią visi turi nuosekliai laikytis elgesio visais atvejais, be prieštaravimų.

2 principas (žmogaus orumas – pagarba): Mes visada turėtume elgtis taip, kad su kitais žmonėmis visada elgtumėmės kaip į tikslą, o ne tik kaip į priemonę.

3 principas (universalumas): mūsų veiksmai turi būti priimtini kiekvienam racionaliam žmogui ne todėl, kad jiems buvo liepta juos priimti, o todėl, kad jie yra racionaliai priimtini [taip įveikiama utilitarizmo subjektyvumo rizika]“ -> New York Times Test“
“Act the way you want others to act”

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33
Q

Utilitarianism VS Kantianism

A

Utilitarianism
* market conform
* rules have to be observed
* duty of making profit
* profit prior to moral

Kantianism
*companies have social duties
* voluntary limits
* moral prior to profit

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34
Q

Discourse ethics

A

aims to solve ethical conflicts by providing a process of norm generation through rational reflection on the real-life experiences of all relevant participants.

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35
Q

Different parties in a conflict should

A

sit together and engage in a discourse about the settlement of the conflict, and ultimately provide a situation that is acceptable to all.

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36
Q

Ultimate goal of ethical issues in business should

A

be the peaceful settlement of conflicts.

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37
Q

Jürgen Habermas

A

discourse ethics

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38
Q

Ideal discourse criteria of HABERMAS

A
  • All must have equal rights to use speech acts in such a way that discourse could be permanently open to questions and answers.
  • All must have equal chances to present interpretations, explanations and corrections.
  • All express equally their attitudes, feelings and wishes, and also are honest to each other.
  • Participants have equal chances to order and resist
    orders, to promise and refuse, to be accountable for one’s
    conduct and to demand accountability from others.
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39
Q

Postmodern ethics

A

is an approach that locates morality beyond the sphere of rationality in an emotional “moral impulse” towards others.

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40
Q

Examples of trends related to postmodern ethics:

A
  • Holistic approach (focus on whole body health … physical, emotional, social & spiritual wellbeing).
  • Examples rather than principles.
  • “Think local, act local” (deciding one thing after another).
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41
Q

What is capitalism?

A

Economic system combining the private ownership of productive enterprises with competition between them in the pursuit of profit.

Ekonominė sistema, jungianti privačią gamybinių įmonių nuosavybę su konkurencija tarp jų siekiant pelno.

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42
Q

Locke is a

A

Father of liberalism

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43
Q

liberalism

A

moral philosophy based on the rights of the individual, liberty, consent of the governed, political equality and equality before the law.

moralės filosofija, pagrįsta asmens teisėmis, laisve, valdomo sutikimu, politine lygybe ir lygybe prieš įstatymą.

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44
Q

Locke ideas

A
  • Humans have “Natural Rights“
  • Liberty and Private Property
  • “Laissez faire” advocate
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45
Q

“Laissez faire” advocate

A

economic success is inhibited when governments are involved in business and markets.

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46
Q

Locke influence

A
  • UN Declaration on Human Rights
  • US Constitution (“life, liberty, and the pursuit of happiness”)
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47
Q

LOCKE citata

A

“All mankind… being all equal and independent, no one ought to harm another in his life, health, liberty or possessions”.

„Visa žmonija… būdama lygi ir nepriklausoma, niekas neturi kenkti kito gyvybei, sveikatai, laisvei ar nuosavybei“.

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48
Q

Smith is a

A

Father of classical economics

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49
Q

Smith ideas

A
  • Capitalism is reason for economic power
  • Against mercantilism (protectionist economic nationalism)
  • Capitalism is ethical
  • Most often misinterpreted philosopher (Smith was against limited liability and flat taxation)
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50
Q

SMITH influence

A

Libertarian movements

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51
Q

Libertarian seeks

A

Libertarians seek to maximize autonomy and political freedom, and minimize the state’s encroachment on and violations of individual liberties

Libertarian siekia maksimaliai padidinti autonomiją ir politinę laisvę bei kuo labiau sumažinti valstybės kėsinimąsi į asmens laisves ir jų pažeidimus

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52
Q

SMITH citata

A

No society can surely be flourishing and happy, of which the far greater part of the members are poor and miserable

negali klesteti visuome jei ji yra neturtinga

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53
Q

Marx is a

A

Father of socialism

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54
Q

MARX ideas

A
  • Capitalism continues feudal exploitative order
  • Feudalism (aristocracy vs. serfs) -> aristocracy owns the land - this way they exploit serfs
  • Capitalism (capitalists vs. workers) -> capitalists own the capital - this way they exploit workers
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55
Q

MARX citata

A

In bourgeois society capital is independent and has individuality, while the living person is dependent and has no individuality.

kapitalas yra nepriklausomas ir turi individualumą,
o gyvas žmogus yra priklausomas ir neturi individualumo.

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56
Q

MARX influence

A

*Most of the socialist/communist ideologies existing claim to apply the works of Marx.

*Significant impact on the intellectual discussion on capitalism shortcomings.

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57
Q

Spencer is a

A

Father of social darwinism

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58
Q

SPENCER ideas

A
  • Applied the work of Darwin - “survival of the fittest” idea on society development.

*Free competition ensures efficiency.

*Strong “laissez faire” advocate.

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59
Q

spencer influence

A

One of most controversial and discussed thinkers of Victorian age .

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60
Q

SPENCER citata

A

A nation which fosters its good-for- nothings will end becoming a good- for-nothing nation

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61
Q

Weber is a

A

Father of modern sociology

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62
Q

kunigas weber ideas

A
  • Capitalism = secular version of Protestantism.
  • Provides link of Luther, Calvin and Capitalism.
  • Principle of predestination.

!!! hard work as a measure of goodness.

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63
Q

webers influence

A
  • Basis for “methodological individualism” and “McDonaldization”
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64
Q

webers Citata

A

Only by strict specialisation can the scientific worker become fully conscious, for once and perhaps never again in his lifetime, that he has achieved something that will endure

Work hard in your calling.

Tik griežtai specializuojasi, mokslo darbuotojas vieną kartą ir galbūt niekada gyvenime gali visiškai suvokti, kad pasiekė tai, kas išliks.

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65
Q

Keynes (Keinesianism) Idea

A

The government should use fiscal and monetary policies to aim to mitigate the adverse effects of economic recessions, depressions and booms (counter-cyclical measures)

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66
Q

Keyne’s Influence:

A

Provided basis to all modern Keynesian schools of thought.

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67
Q

Erhard represents

A

Social market economy

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68
Q

vokietis erhard ideas

A
  • Economic ordoliberalism theory. _> government uztikrina kad free market duotu profit
  • German & Austrian economic system -> post-war “miracle”
  • First proposal of a “Third Way” – capitalism with a social touch.
  • Management and labour are social partners
  • Co-determination – workers & managers joint decision-making.
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69
Q

ordoliberalism

A

pabrėžiantis būtinybę vyriausybei užtikrinti, kad laisvoji rinka duotų rezultatus, artimus jos teoriniam potencialui, bet ne propaguoja gerovės valstybę.

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70
Q

Erhards influence

A

European Union Constitution (2003-2006) – finally not approved.

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71
Q

vokietis erhards citata

A

The market is better than the state.

“The unions are now an integral part of a democratic liberal order, they are the bearers of democratic responsibility.”

„Sąjungos dabar yra neatsiejama demokratinės liberalios santvarkos dalis, jos yra demokratinės atsakomybės nešėjos“.

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72
Q

Welfare state

A

principle of equality – e.g., every unemployed receives money.

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73
Q

Social market economy:

A

principles of equity and subsidiarity – e.g., only people with no savings or family support have the right to request financial support.

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74
Q

Justice

A

ensuring that what is done to people is what ought to be done to them

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75
Q

Procedural

A

emphasis on the resource allocation process.

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76
Q

Corrective

A

emphasis on repairing harm.

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77
Q

Retributive

A

emphasis on punishment of wrongs.

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78
Q

Distributive

A

emphasis on resource allocation results.

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79
Q

Social

A

emphasis on social roles of citizens.

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80
Q

forms of justice

A
  • Procedural – emphasis on the resource allocation process.
  • Corrective – emphasis on repairing harm.
  • Retributive – emphasis on punishment of wrongs.
  • Distributive – emphasis on resource allocation results.
  • Social – emphasis on social roles of citizens.
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81
Q

Need Theory

A

strongly egalitarian.

Priority: ensuring a minimum of quality of people’s lives.

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82
Q

Merit Theory

A

opposed to egalitarianism.

Priority: ensuring that distribution depends on contribution.

Criticism: capitalism does not always reward merit.

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83
Q

Need vs. Merit Theory

A

NEED: ensuring a minimum of quality of people’s lives.

MERIT: ensuring that distribution depends on contribution.

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84
Q

RAWLS is a

A

Egalitarian liberalism

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85
Q

RAWLS IDEAS

A
  • Each person has an equal claim to a fully adequate scheme of basic rights and liberties, and to equal opportunities.
  • Social inequalities should be organized so as to benefit everybody, and especially to advantage the worst-off.
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86
Q

Rawls’s influence:

A
  • Intellectual debate on the question of distribution of wealth.
  • Policy of Obama administration (US, Jan 2009 – Jan 2017).
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87
Q

rawlls citata

A

If you want to understand President Obama’s soul, read his books. But if you want to understand his beliefs, read John Rawls.

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88
Q

who is egoism

A

smith, friedman
conswquentialists

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89
Q

who is utilitarianism

A

bentham and mill
conswquentialists

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90
Q

who is ethics of duties

A

kant
non-conswquentialists

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91
Q

who is right and justice

A

LOCKE and RAWLS
non-conswquentialists

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92
Q

NOZICK represents

A

Libertarianism

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93
Q

NOZICK ideas

A

A distribution of goods is just, so long as the distribution was brought about by free exchanges by consenting adults, even if large inequalities emerge from the process.

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94
Q

nozick influence

A
  • Libertarian movement & anarcho-capitalism.
  • “Tea Party” movement (US).
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95
Q

nozcik citata

A

Nozick, more than anyone else, embodied the new libertarian zeitgeist which, after generations of statist welfarism from Roosevelt’s New Deal to Kennedy, Johnson and Carter, ushered in the era of Reagan and Bush, père et fils

Nozickas, labiau nei bet kas kitas, įkūnijo naująjį libertarinį zentavimą, kuris po kelių kartų etatinio gerovės nuo Roosevelto Naujojo susitarimo iki Kennedy, Johnsono ir Carterio pradėjo Reagano ir Busho erą

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96
Q

Libertarianism supports

A

negative rights

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97
Q

negative rights

A

he kind of rights which impose on others a negative duty, a duty not to do anything, a duty of non-interference

If I have a right oof this sort, all you have to do to respect that right is refrain from blocking me

Negative rights are sometimes called LIBERTIES

right to privacy, the right not to be killed, or the right to do what one wants with one’s property

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98
Q

Positive rights

A

The kind of rights which impose on others a positive duty, a duty to provide or act in a certain way.

If I have a right of this sort, you respect it by complying

Positive rights are also sometimes called ENTITLEMENTS.

right to an education, the right to food, the right to medical care, the right to housing, or the right to a job

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99
Q

ENTITLEMENTS

A

positive rights

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100
Q

type of capitalism in UK, USA, CANADA, AUSTRALIA

A

MARKET BASED CAPITALISM

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101
Q

type of capitalism in GERMANY, FRANCE, NORWAY, IRELAND, BELGIUM, AUSTRIA, SWITZERLAND, NETHERLAND

A

CONTINENTAL EUROPEAN SYSTEM

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102
Q

type of capitalism in denmark, finland, sweden

A

SOCIAL DEMOCRATIC SYSTEM

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103
Q

type of capitalism in GREECE, ITALY, LITHUANIA, PORTUGAL, SPAIN

A

MEDITERRANEAN CAPITALISM

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104
Q

type of capitalism in JAPAN, SOUTH KOREA

A

ASIAN CAPITALISM

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105
Q

Index of Economic Freedom inspired by

A

Adam Smith’s “laissez-faire”

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106
Q

Adam Smith’s “laissez-faire” methodology

A
  • Rule of law (property rights, judicial effectiveness, govt. integrity).
  • Government size (tax burden, govt. spending, fiscal health).
  • Regulatory efficiency (business, labour & monetary freedom).
  • Market openness (trade, investment &financial freedom.
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107
Q

Only seven “fully free”

A

countries: Singapore, Switzerland, Ireland, New Zealand, Luxembourg, Taiwan, Estonia.

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108
Q

merit in LT

A

NUOPELNAS

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109
Q

Which does not believe in cost benefit analysis?

A

KANTIANISM

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110
Q

What best characterises Jeremy Bentham’s moral theory?

A

IT IS A VERSION OF UTILITARIANISM

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111
Q

LEGAL FRAMEWORK MORE IMPORTANT IN US VS EUR

A

false

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112
Q

Which of the following is NOT a limitation of utilitarianism

A

EMPHASIS ON OVERALL GOOD

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113
Q

Egoism proposes

A

FREE DECISION-MAKING IS MORALLY RIGHT

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114
Q

John Stuart Mill is a representative of

A

ETHICS OF WELFARE

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115
Q

What is the general approach to address ethical issues in public sector organisations

A

FORMAL, BUREAUCRATIC POLICIES

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116
Q

What does virtue ethics propose

A

INTEGRITY OF PERSON DETERMINES MORALITY

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117
Q

Rawls theury of justice

A

Inequalities are ok if they benefit all

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118
Q

Which of the following sentences does NOT express a recommendation made by Thomas Donaldson

A

PUT WESTERN VALUES ABOVE LOCAL TRADITION

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119
Q

Triple bottom line

A

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL AND ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY

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120
Q

NOT related to Max Weber’s ideas?

A

INEQUALITIES ARE OK IF IT BENEFITS THE POOR (RAWLS’)

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121
Q

Which of the following philosophers is considered the father of social Darwinism?

A

SPENCER

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122
Q

Which is the type of capitalism closest to proposals of Adam Smith?

A

PURE CAPITALISM

123
Q

What do John Rawls and John Locke have in common?

A

BOTH FOCUS ON ‘RIGHTS AND JUSTICE’

124
Q

Who was a key source of inspiration for US president Obama’s economic policies?

A

RAWLS

125
Q

NOT related to Ludwig Erhard’s ideas?

A

MARKET SOCIALISM (erhard was social market economy)

126
Q

Throwing a fat man over a bridge to block a train that runs towards children

A

CONSEQUENTELISM

127
Q

Put in order from purely liberal to more egalitarianism
RAWLS
ERHARd
SEN
SMITH

A

SMITH, ERHARD, RAWLS, SEN

128
Q

The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to

A

NOZICK

129
Q

The right to own private property is more important than social equality according to

A

NOZICK

130
Q

KAYNES WAS FATHER OF

A

welfare state

131
Q

What do John Rawls and Amartya Sen have in common

A

THEIR CONCERN FOR SOCIAL INEQUALITIES

132
Q

The ‘capabilities approach’

A

FOCUSES ON FOSTERING POSITIVE RIGHTS

133
Q

Choose the correct order of philosophers, from more to less egalitarianist

RAWLS
NOZICK
MARX
SEN

A

MARX, SEN, RAWLS, NOZICK

134
Q

Breaking the principle of not accepting child labour, can be consistent with

A

UTILITARIANISM

135
Q

According to the democracy index, among all countries, a ‘full democracy’

A

IS THE LEAST COMMON TYPE OF REGIME

136
Q

Mediterranean capitalism

A

LIMITED WELFARE STATE, REGULATED LABOUR MARKET, INCLUDES LITHUANIA

137
Q

The concept of ‘ethics of care’ refers to

A

FEMINIST ETHICS

138
Q

Libertarianism supports

A

SUPPORTS NEGATIVE RIGHTS

139
Q

friedman sukure

A

father of Shareholder approach to CSR

140
Q

friedman Ideas:

A

Close to “Laissez faire“ and libertarianism

Close link between money supply and inflation

141
Q

friedman influence

A
  • Nobel Price Winner in Economics (1976)
  • Influenced Ronald Reagan, Margaret Thatcher, Goverments of Chile, Estonia, Iceland, CATO Institute (libertarian think-tank)
142
Q

friedman citata

A

There is one and only one social responsibility of business – to use its resources and engage in actitities designed to increase its profits … in open and free competition without deception or fraud

143
Q

Business reasons for social responsibility (“enlightened self-interest”)

A
  • Extra and/or more satisfied customers
  • Employees may be more attracted and/or committed
    (“employer branding” & “employee engagement” policies)
  • Reduce risk, prevent litigation, and improve corporate
    image/reputation
  • Long-term investment that benefits the corporation
144
Q

Moral reasons for business social resposibility

A
  • All corporate activities have social impacts of one sort or another, and may cause social problems
  • Because they are powerful, corporations should use their power and resources responsibly (sustainability issues)
  • Corporations rely on the contribution of a wide set of stakeholders in the society rather than just shareholders
145
Q

CSR approach

A

encompasses the economic, legal, ethical, and philanthropic expectations placed on organizations by society at a given point in time.

146
Q

CSR pyramid levels

A

ECONOMIC -> required by society

LEGAL -> required by society

ETHICAL -> expected by society

PHILANTROPIC RESPONSIBILITIES -> desired by society

147
Q

Economic responsibilities.

A

Base of the pyramid; understood as the production of goods and services that consumers need and want.

As a compensation for the delivery of these goods and services, the company must obtain an acceptable profit.

148
Q

Legal responsibilities.

A

Compliance with the law and any type of (public and/or private) regulations, in accordance with the basic rules by which the business must operate.

149
Q

Ethical responsibilities.

A

Obligation to do what is right, fair and reasonable, and to avoid - or at least minimize - damage to the diverse stakeholders to whom the company relates.

150
Q

Philanthropic responsibilities.

A

Corporate actions that respond to social expectations of good corporate citizenship, including the active involvement of businesses in activities or programmes that promote social welfare and improve the quality of life of the population.

donating money

151
Q

Economic responsibility in eu and us

A

Europe – Focused on responsibility to stakeholders

US – Focused on responsibility to shareholders

152
Q

Legal responsibility in eu and us

A

Europe – State accepted as prominent power in enforcing rules of the game rather than as US view of State as interfering in such rules

Valstybė pripažinta svarbia galia įgyvendinant žaidimo taisykles, o ne kaip JAV požiūrį į valstybę kaip kišimąsi į tokias taisykles

153
Q

Ethical responsibility in us and eu

A

Europe – greater mistrust of modern corporations than US

154
Q

Philanthropic responsibility in eu and us

A

Europe - mostly implemented compulsorily via legal framework

US – mostly implemented via voluntary acts of successful companies

155
Q

Corporate Social Responsivenes

A

– capacity of a corpotation to respond to social pressures

156
Q

traditional CSR focus

A

RISK

157
Q

traditional CSR driver

A

IMAGE, BRAND, PUBLIC ACCEPTANCE

158
Q

traditional CSR responsiveness

A

reaction, defence

159
Q

traditional CSR motto

A

CSR is bolt on
pasieks profita tada susimastys apie values

160
Q

traditional CSR relation to the bottom line

A

no direct contribution: CSR is value distribution

161
Q

Contemporary CSR focus

A

reward

162
Q

Contemporary CSR driver

A

performance, markets, products

163
Q

Contemporary CSR relation to the bottom line

A

integral goal: csr is value creation

164
Q

Contemporary CSR responsivness

A

accommodation, pro-action

165
Q

Contemporary CSR motto

A

CSR is built in

166
Q

Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)

Social policies

A

Explicit corporate social policies stating the company’s values, beliefs, and goals with regard to its social environment – often included in mission statements or in other corporate policies (e.g., environmental sustainability goals)

167
Q

Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)

Social programmes

A

Specific social projects or activities, measures and instruments implemented to achieve social policies (e.g., environmental management programmes)

168
Q

Three areas of Corporate Social Performance (CSP)

Social impacts

A

Proof of specific changes achieved through social
programmes implemented in a given period of tim

169
Q

freeman sukure

A

father of Stakeholder approach to CSR

170
Q

freeman ideas

A
  • Observed that traditional models suggest that shareholders
    are the core stakeholders
  • Proposed that other parties must be also involved - such as competitors, employees, customers, suppliers, trade unions, government, civil society, etc.
171
Q

freeman Assessments of how the corporation “affects” stakeholders

A

Principle of corporate rights
Principle of corporate effect

172
Q

Principle of corporate rights

A

the corporation has the obligation not to violate the rights of others

173
Q

Principle of corporate effect

A

Companies are responsible for the effects of their actions on others

174
Q

Freeman citata

A

A stakeholder in an organization is (by definition) any group or individual who can affect or is affected by the achievement of the organization’s objectives.

175
Q

Quality of corporate transparency

A

disclosure, clarity, accuracy.

176
Q

Corporate citizenship

A

how a company exercises its rights, obligations, privileges, and overall corporate responsibility within our local and global environments.

Reducing carbon footprints.
Diversity, equity and inclusion.
Charitable global giving.

177
Q

Corporate transparency

A

CSP should be made more visible to stakeholders -> transparency of CSP policies, programmes & impacts

Quality of corporate transparency: disclosure, clarity, accuracy.

Make Salaries Public. …
Follow Up on Promises. …
Bring Your Whole Self To Work.

178
Q

Corporate accountability

A

Issue of whether a coporation is answerable in some way for the consequences of its actions – and if so, to whom.

179
Q

Social rights

A

freedoms to participate in society through entitlements towards third parties (positive rights)

180
Q

Civil rights

A

freedoms from abuses and interference by third parties – most notably the government (negative rights)

teisė balsuoti, teisė į teisingą bylos nagrinėjimą, teisė į valstybės paslaugas, teisė

181
Q

Political rights

A

freedom to participate in society governance process (e.g., to vote or hold office)

182
Q

Rights in liberal citizenship are being increasingly influenced by corporations

A

Social rights

Civil rights

Political rights

183
Q

THREE VIEWS OF CORPORATE CITIZENSHIP

A

Limited View

Equivalent view

Extended view

184
Q

Limited view focuses on and motivates

A

corporate philanthropy

motivation: Primarily philanthropic; also economic where citizenship is ‘strategic’

185
Q

Equivalent view focuses on and motivates

A

All areas of CSR

motivation: Mixed - economic, legal, ethical, philanthropic

186
Q

Extended view focus and motivates

A

Citizenship: social, political and civil rights

motivation: political

187
Q

Sustainability

A

Sustainability is the destination, an end-state, and sustainable development is a means of getting there

188
Q

Triple bottom line

A

social, environmental, economic

189
Q

First –

A

Leave everything in the pristine state, or return in to its pristine state

190
Q

Second

A

not to overwhelm the carrying capacity of the system

191
Q

Third –

A

Sustainability will take care of itself as economic growth proceeds (Simon Kuznet)

192
Q

Fourth

A

Polluter and victim can arrive at an efficient solution by themselves (Coase theorem)

193
Q

Fifth

A

Let the markets take care of it (e.g., carbon-trade)

194
Q

Sixth

A

– Internalize the externalities (e.g., taxation, consumer pressure)

195
Q

Seventh

A

Let the national economic accounting system reflect defensive expenditures (e.g., pollution-treatment or fire-fighting expenses increase GDP)

196
Q

Eight

A

Reinvest rents from nonrenewable resources (Hartwick rule) into sustainable projects & policies (e.g., Norway’s approach)

197
Q

Ninth

A

Leave future generations the options of the capacity to be as well off as we are (Robert Solow)

198
Q

Life-cycle sustainability assessment

A

Evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle

Visų neigiamų aplinkos, socialinių ir ekonominių poveikių ir naudos vertinimas priimant sprendimus siekiant tvaresnių produktų per visą jų gyvavimo ciklą

199
Q

A product life-cycle approach to sustainability

A

measures a company’s total environmental impact – from raw materials, to production, distribution, consumer use, and disposal of the product by the consumer

200
Q

How often do you need to reuse an organic cotton bag to have the same cumulative environmental impact (water use, energy use, etc.) as a classic plastic bag?

A

20 000 times

201
Q

Stiglitz

A

has been suggested to replace, or supplement GDP to GPI consistent wth “triple bottom lin” considerations”.

202
Q

HDI (human development index) mean

A

The HDI was created to emphasize that people and their capabilities should be the ultimate criteria for assessing the development of a country, not economic growth alone.

HDI buvo sukurta siekiant pabrėžti, kad žmonės ir jų galimybės turi būti galutinis kriterijus vertinant šalies raidą, o ne vien ekonomikos augimą.

203
Q

HDI measures

A
  • a long and healthy life (life expectancy at birth)
  • knowledge(years of schooling - achieved & expected)
  • a decent standard of living (GNP per capita)
204
Q

IHDI reflects

A

The IHDI reflects the level of human development when inequality is accounted for.

205
Q

In relatively egalitarian countries

A

IHDI>HDI

gain in human development

206
Q

In relatively inegalitarian countries

A

IHDI<HDI

loss in human development

207
Q

Under perfect equality

A

the HDI and IHDI are equal; the greater the difference between the two, the greater the inequality.

Esant tobulai lygybei, HDI ir IHDI yra lygūs; kuo didesnis skirtumas tarp dviejų, tuo didesnė nelygybė.

208
Q

Global Footprint Network

A

to measure human demand on natural capital (i.e. the quantity of nature it takes to support people or an economy).

dirbamos žemės, ganyklos, žvejybos plotai, užstatyta žemė, miško plotas ir anglies poreikis žemėje.

209
Q

Global Footprint Network

A

It tracks this demand through an ecological accounting system.

210
Q

footprint

A

In short, it is a measure of human impact on the environment

211
Q

Human demand on the biosphere

A

ecological deficit

212
Q

Earth Overshoot Day

A

Calculated illustrative calendar date on which humanity’s resource consumption for the year exceeds Earth’s capacity to regenerate those resources that year.

Apskaičiuota iliustracinė kalendorinė data, kai žmonijos išteklių suvartojimas per metus viršija Žemės pajėgumą atkurti tuos išteklius tais metais.

213
Q

Overshoot represents the

A

The term “overshoot” represents the level by which human population’s demand overshoots the sustainable amount of biological resources regenerated on Earth.

Sąvoka „ overshoot“ reiškia lygį, kuriuo žmonių populiacijos paklausa viršija tvarų Žemėje atsinaujinančių biologinių išteklių kiekį.

214
Q

The Happy Planet Index (HPI)

A

is an index of human well- being and environmental impact that was introduced by the New Economics Foundation in 2006

yra žmonių gerovės ir poveikio aplinkai indeksas, kurį 2006 m. pristatė Naujosios ekonomikos fondas

215
Q

Each country’s HPI value is a function of its:

A
  • average subjective life satisfaction (experienced wellbeing)
  • life expectancy at birth
  • ecological footprint per capita
216
Q

The UN Global Compact is

A

“the world’s largest corporate sustainability initiative”.

217
Q

UN Global Compact Mission:

A

“A call to companies to align strategies and operations with universal principles on human rights, labour, environment and anti-corruption, and take actions that advance societal goals.”

“The multi-year strategy of the UN Global Compact if to drive business awareness and action in support of achieving the Sustainable Development Goals by 2030”.

218
Q

United Nations Global Compact
labour

A

Labour
3. Businesses should uphold the freedom of association and the effective recognition of the right to collective bargaining.

  1. Elimination of all forms of forced and compulsory labour.
  2. Effective abolition of child labour.
  3. Elimination of discrimination in respect of employment and occupation.
    ////
  4. Įmonės turėtų remti asociacijų laisvę ir veiksmingą teisės į kolektyvines derybas pripažinimą.
  5. Visų formų priverstinio ir privalomojo darbo panaikinimas.
  6. Veiksmingas vaikų darbo panaikinimas.
  7. Diskriminacijos darbo ir profesijos atžvilgiu panaikinimas.
219
Q

The Gig Economy

A

Individuals being hired for a specific task, rather than being employed longer term (with the associated benefits) for exactly the same task

220
Q

“Human Resource Management” (HRM) vs. “Personnel mgmt.”

A

Humans treated as important and costly resource (moral hazard?)

Are employees subject to a strict managerial rationale of minimizing costs and maximizing the efficiency of the human “resource”?

221
Q

Modern slavery

A

People who are forced to work through threat, owned or controlled by an employer particularly through mental or physical abuses

People who are de-humanized and treated as a resource, physically constrained or their movement being controlled

222
Q

Rights of employees as stakeholders of the firm

A

Right to participation and association
Right to privacy
Right to due process
Right to healthy and safe working conditions
Right to fair wages
Right to work
Right to freedom of conscience and speech

223
Q

Four types of employee privacy

A

Physical privacy
Social privacy
Informational privacy
Psychological privacy –

224
Q

Physical privacy

A

physical inaccessibility to others and the right to “one’s own space” (e.g., dilemma of surveillance cameras)

225
Q

Social privacy

A

– freedom to behave in our private life in whichever way we choose (e.g., dilemma of “immoral” behaviour in private life)

226
Q

Informational privacy –

A

determining how, when, and to what extent private data about us are released to others (e.g., dilemma of security investigations)

227
Q

Psychological privacy

A

not being compelled to share private thoughts and feelings (e.g., dilemma of forcing employees to look happy and smile to customers)

228
Q

European Union Regulations

A

Most advanced and sophisticated regulations on privacy at workplace

229
Q

European Convention on Human Rights -

A

guarantees every person the right to private and family life, home and correspondence

garantuoja kiekvienam asmeniui teisę į privatų ir šeimos gyvenimą, būstą ir susirašinėjimą

230
Q

European Court of Human Rights

A

decided that protection of private life includes workplace

231
Q

General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR)

A

Companies can be pursued with heavy fines – as much as 4% of annual turnover for global companies – for incidents such as data breaches

232
Q

Data Protection Directive (DPD)

A
  • Right to be forgotten
  • Easier access to own personal data
  • A right to transfer personal data
  • Businesses as to inform individuals about data breaches
  • Consent of individuals must be given by a statement or by a clear affirmative action
233
Q

Employee hiring processes must

A

strictly abide to the law and comply with high ethical standards

234
Q

Promotions – potential discrimination issues

A
  • Seniority
  • Inbreeding
  • Nepotism
235
Q

nepotism

A

seimyniskumas

236
Q

Financial participation

A

allows employee share in the ownership or income of the corporation

237
Q

Operational participation

A

Information – receiving information about crucial decisions

Consultation – express views on potential decisions

Delegation – control over a range of decisions

Co-determination – full right to determine major decisions

238
Q

Right to association –

A

to join together for collective defense of worker’s interests (e.g., through trade unions)

239
Q

(HSE) regulations

A

Substantial amount of health, safety and environmental – compulsory compliance

sveikatos saugos laykymasis

240
Q

Ethical issues in the context of:

A
  • Excessive working hours – damage of employee’s overall state of physical and mental health
    presenteeism
241
Q

“Presenteeism” -

A

being at work when employee should be at home due to illness or because working time is over

242
Q

Flexible working patterns

A

“non-standard” work relationships:

part-time work, temporary work, self-employment, remote work

worse pay & conditions, higher insecurity, exclusion from
benefits & training

243
Q

“Everyone who works has the right to just and favorable remuneration ensuring for themselves and their family an existence worthy of human dignity, and supplemented, if necessary, by other means of social protection”

A

UN Declaration of Human Rights

244
Q

Everyone has the right to work, to free choice of employment, to just and favourable conditions of work, and to protection against unemploymen

A

UN Declaration of Human Rights

245
Q

The right to work in a business context

A

cannot mean that every individual has a right to be employed

The right to work should result in every individual
facing the same equal conditions in exerting this right

246
Q

Diversity management

A

prominent feature of contemporary (HR) management approaches, closely related to fighting discrimination at work

247
Q

Everyone, without any discrimination, has the right to equal pay for equal work

A

UN Declaration of Human Rights

248
Q

Affirmative action,

A

which can include (depending of the specific form of action taken) positive discrimination, reverse discrimination, or employment equity, implies specific preference given to groups considered by some to be victims of social discrimination.

ypatingą pirmenybę grupėms, kurias kai kurie laiko socialinės diskriminacijos aukomis.

249
Q

Negative rights

A

strict equality, non-discrimination & literal equality of opportunity, “weak” affitmative action

250
Q

positive rights

A

(equity, positive discrimination & fair/real equality of opportunity, “strong” affirmative action)

251
Q

Employers rights

A

e.g., employers – right to choose who works for them and “fit” with current workforce)

252
Q

Affirmative action policies

A

increasingly popular as part of CSR in the HRM domain (“equal opportunity employer”, “affirmative action employer”, etc.)

253
Q

Passive non-discrimination

A

– willingness in hiring, promotion, and pay decisions to treat races, sexes etc. alike.

noras priimti į darbą, paaukštinti pareigas ir priimti sprendimus dėl atlyginimo vienodai traktuojant rases, lytis ir pan.

254
Q

weak affirmative action

A

Pure affirmative action

It simply involves making an effort to ensure that minority candidates are considered.

255
Q

Pure affirmative action

A

concerted effort to enlarge the pool of applicants so that no one is excluded because of past or present discrimination.

256
Q

“Strong” affirmative action

A

Preferential hiring
Positive discrimination

257
Q

Preferential hiring

A

– systematically favouring minorities, women, etc. in decisions of enlarging labour pool.

258
Q

Positive discrimination

A

specifying numbers (quotas) or proportions of minority, women, etc. group members that must be hired.

259
Q

Relativism vs. absolutism regarding international HRM (IHRM) -

A

Absolutism in IHRM: always same ethical principles applicable everywhere

Relativism in IHRM: always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context

260
Q

Absolutism in IHRM:

A

always same ethical principles applicable everywhere

261
Q

Relativism in IHRM:

A

always different ethical principles, depending on historical, social, cultural etc. context

262
Q

IHRM

A

international human resource manager

263
Q

Universal respect for “Core Human Values” (Human Rights)

Respect for local traditions & consideration of the context

A

DONALDSON

264
Q

Diversity management:

A

set of activities involved in integrating “non-traditional” employees (e.g., women, minorities, etc.) into the workforce and using their diversity to the firm’s competitive advantage.

265
Q

Diversity itself can have a

A

positive, negative, or neutral effect on firm performance. Active diversity management should aim at optimizing the diversity-performance link.

266
Q

Diversity management actions & programmes are closely related

A

(or even be part of) CSR policies

267
Q

Potential benefits of diversity management programmes

A

Greater creativity, considering new ways and less obvious alternatives.

Better problem solving, moving from group-thinking to *out-of-the-box” thinking.

Greater system flexibility, thanks to more openness to new ideas and greater tolerance and acceptance of changes.

Better information input and management of knowledge, due to the broader variety of sources and experiential backgrounds.

Better marketing strategies, especially in target markets which are increasingly multicultural and multi-ethnic.

268
Q

Challenges in managing diversity

A
  • Focus on diversity (openness to difference, but stereotyping risk) vs. focus on inclusiveness (integration of
    “the others”, but brainwashing risk).
  • Resistance to change from dominant groups (traditionally
    “white males”).
  • Overcoming segmented (e.g., sex or race-based) communication networks.
  • Resentment due to perceived favouritism towards non-traditional’ employees.
  • Overcoming the “glass ceiling” when making promotion decisions.
269
Q

Usual targets for diversity management programmes

A
  • Ethnic, cultural, and/or religious minorities
  • Women
  • People with disabilities
  • Homosexuals–and more recently the broader
    LGTBIQ+ community
  • Older workers
270
Q

Whistleblower

A

An employee or ex-employee of an organization who, in good faith, discloses information about serious malpractice by that organization.

Organizacijos darbuotojas arba buvęs darbuotojas, kuris sąžiningai atskleidžia informaciją apie rimtą tos organizacijos pažeidimą.

271
Q

Criteria for whistleblowing

A
  • Information must be released by a stakeholder within the organization, usually an employee or former employee.
  • Information that is released must not have already been made public.
  • Information that is released must be of substantial importance and be about the misconduct of the company or its members.
  • Information must be released to parties that fall outside the whistleblower’s normal chain of command.
  • Information must be released voluntarily in an effort to correct wrongdoing, rather than for revenge purposes.

Informaciją turi paskelbti organizacijos suinteresuotoji šalis, dažniausiai darbuotojas arba buvęs darbuotojas.

Paskelbta informacija dar neturi būti paviešinta.

Skelbiama informacija turi būti labai svarbi ir susijusi su
bendrovės ar jos narių netinkamu elgesiu.

Informacija turi būti perduota šalims, kurios nepatenka į įprastą informatoriaus pavaldumo grandinę.

Informacija turi būti skelbiama savanoriškai, siekiant ištaisyti pažeidimus, o ne keršto tikslais.

272
Q

An employee who acts in good faith and the “public interest” in the disclosure of wrongdoings outweighs the interests of the employer.

A

European Court of Human Rights

273
Q

EU Whistleblower Directive

A

Creation of channels of reporting within companies/administrations

Hierarchy of reporting channels

Large number of profiles protected by the new rules

A wide scope of application

Support and protection measures for whistleblowers

Feedback obligations for authorities and companies

274
Q

Whistleblowing advantages/pros

A
  • Short- and fixed-term contracts
  • Gagging (confidentiality) clauses in work contracts
  • Duty of fidelity -> ištikimybė
  • Negative view of whistleblowers
  • Disastrous personal consequences
275
Q

Whistleblowing disadvantages/cons

A
  • Freedom of expression clauses in human rights regulations
  • Legal duties
  • Corporate codes expressly demanding this
  • Changing view of whistleblowers as a corporate safety net
276
Q

Right to privacy, prekybinis

A

Promotion of materialism
Creation of artificial wants
Perpetuating dissatisfaction
Reinforcing stereotypes

Materializmo propagavimas
Dirbtinių norų kūrimas
Įamžinantis nepasitenkinimą
Stereotipų stiprinimas

277
Q

Right to fair prices

A

Excessive pricing
Price fixing
Predatory pricing
Deceptive pricing

Per didelė kainodara
Kainos fiksavimas
Agresyvi kainodara
Apgaulinga kainodara

278
Q

Right to make a free choice

A

Slotting fees

279
Q

Right to engage in markets

Teisė dalyvauti rinkose

A

Buyer-seller relationships
Gifts and bribes

280
Q

Right to honest and fair communications

A

deception
Misleading claims
Intrusiveness

apgaulė
Klaidinantys teiginiai
Įkyrumas

281
Q

Right to basic freedoms and amenities

A

Consumer exclusion

282
Q

Right to be free from discrimination

A

Targeting vulnerable consumers
Nukreipimas į pažeidžiamus vartotojus

283
Q

Right to privacy

A

Privacy issues

284
Q

Right to safe and efficacious products

A

Product safety
Fitness for purpose

285
Q

Two ethical limitations based on fairness

A
  • Individual transactions will be unfair to certain consumers
  • Without consumer sovereignty, the economic system is inefficient

Du etiniai apribojimai, pagrįsti sąžiningumu
* Atskiri sandoriai bus nesąžiningi tam tikrų vartotojų atžvilgiu
* Be vartotojų suvereniteto ekonominė sistema yra neefektyvi

286
Q

Consumer sovereignty assessment

A
  • Consumer capability – degree of freedom from limitations in rational decision-making (e.g., from vulnerability or coercion)
  • Information – availability and quality of relevant data pertaining to a purchase decision
  • Choice – extent of the opportunity available to freely switch to another supplier
287
Q

Information

A

Availability and quality of relevant data

Quantity, comparability and complexity of information; degree of bias or deception

288
Q

consumer capability definition

A

Freedom from limitations in rational decision-making

Vulnerability factors, e.g. age, education, health
Pažeidžiamumo veiksniai, pvz. amžius, išsilavinimas, sveikata

289
Q

Choice

A

Opportunity for switching

Number of competitors and level of competition; switching costs

290
Q

in the HPI (happy planet index)

A

Ecological footprint is included

291
Q

in the HPI (happy planet index)

A

Ecological footprint is included

292
Q

the stakeholder approach to csr

A

freeman

293
Q

Which of the following are social responsibilities according to Carrol’s SR pyramid?

A

economical
legal
ethical
philantripic

294
Q

Which of the following indicators does not include income/social inequalities?
GPI
HDI
HPI
IHDI

A

Human Development Index (HDI)

295
Q

Whistleblowing in the field of business ethics is defined as:

A

calling attention to wrongdoing that is occurring within an organization

296
Q

What are the three components of consumer sovereignty asessment?:

A

Consumer capability, information, choice

297
Q

affirmative action

A

siekiama padidinti tam tikrų grupių atstovavimą dėl jų lyties, rasės, seksualumo,

298
Q

Diversity management

A

Can help fight work discrimination

299
Q

Life-cycle sustainability assessment refers to:

A

the evaluation of all environmental, social and economic negative impacts and benefits in decision-making processes towards more sustainable products throughout their life cycle.

300
Q

The calculation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP):

A

economic growth

301
Q

Employee diversity:

A

Can be related to CSR policies

302
Q

what are the types of emploees privacy

A

Physical, social, informational, psychological

303
Q

Affirmative action:

A

May Include preferential hiring

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