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VT 24 > Bens Föreläsningar > Flashcards

Bens Föreläsningar Flashcards

1
Q

Tip-of-the-tounge

A

A phenomenon that suggests that finding a word in our mental lexicon is not an all or nothing thing.

We build words out of parts.

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2
Q

What are the positions that a vowel can be in?

A

Fronted, Backed, Central

High, Mid, Low, and combination of High + mid, Low + mid

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3
Q

Which Vowel types can occur at the end of a word with no following consonant?

A

Long vowels and Diphthongs

weak vowels (coffee, drama) - but only in unstressed syllables

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4
Q

Weak vowels can only occur in?

A

Unstressed syllables

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5
Q

What are the three properties of consonants?

A

Voicing
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation

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6
Q

What is phonetics?

A

The characteristics of speech sounds

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7
Q

What is the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics?

A

The brains perception of speech sounds

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8
Q

What is phonology?

A

The study of more abstracts (mental) sound patterns

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9
Q

phonotactics

A

Patterning restrictions at syllable level

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10
Q

Lexeme

A

Morphologically related forms of the same head-word in the dictionary

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11
Q

Lemma

A

A specific form of a lexeme

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12
Q

Lexical unit?

A

Fixed- and semi expression, word/lemma that does not correspond to one meaning

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13
Q

Lexical/open/content words

A

Nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs

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14
Q

Grammatical/closed class/function words

A

articles, conjunctions and prepositions

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15
Q

Can a word gain meaning by the words it collocates with?

A

Yes it can

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16
Q

Which speech error are substitutions and blends a part of ?

A

Mis-selections

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17
Q

How are they (blends and substitutions ) predictable?

A

The errors are often closely linked to the target word.

Substitutions - Antonyms
Blends - Synonyms

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18
Q

In word association, what type of words are more prevalent?

A

antonyms

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19
Q

What is logical form?

A

The abstract underlying mental representation of a state-of-affairs

In a process of giving, someone gives someone something

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20
Q

What are the two types of bound morphemes?

A

Inflectional and derivational

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21
Q

What is the purpose of derivational morphemes?

A

Adds some semantical information to the root.
Generally changes the word class.
Can be both prefixes and suffixes,

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22
Q

Inflectional morphemes

A

Adds some grammatical information to the root
Generally maintains word-class
Suffixes

-s, -ies, -es
-s,-ed,-ing
-er,-est

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23
Q

What are structural properties of nouns?

A
  1. Can be quantified
    two books
  2. Can possess
    the book’s last page
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24
Q

What are structural properties of verbs?

A
  1. Can indicate location in time
    I walked to the shops, I will walk.
  2. Can indicate whether the action is complete or not.He has been outside, He is going outside.
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25
Q

What are some POS analyses

A
  1. Adjectives tend to cluster adjacent to each other and are normally always followed by a noun
  2. Determiners are normally always followed by a noun
  3. Nouns often surround verbs
  4. Preposition Determiner Noun is a common pattern
  5. Adverbs are usually close to verbs
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26
Q

What are phrases?

A

Patterned combination of words with other words

Comprised of a fundamental and obligatory element

The elements of a phrase are inherently interdependent but a phrase is independent of other phrases.

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27
Q

What is the general make-up of phrases?

A

A pivotal/head element

A pre-modifier or/and a post-modifier

28
Q

How can one identify a phrase?

A
  1. By their movement as a whole around a clause
  2. By their resistance to being interrupted
  3. By their ability to be replaced by pro-forms
    “Who had a dream?” “I had one last night”
  4. By their being predicated.
29
Q

Noun phrases

A

Phrase that has a noun as its “head”

Pre-mod :
Determiner, adjective

Post-mod: rel. clause, PP, adverb

30
Q

Verb phrases

A

Verb as head

pre:
modals - can, should, could, shall
aux - have, has , been

Post:
adverb- back, ahead, away
prep- down up

31
Q

What is the generative approach of phrase structure rules?

A

Relatively few rules of syntax can generate infinite numbers of sentences

32
Q

What are English phrase structure rules

A

S -> NP VP
NP-> {Art (Adh) N, Pro, PN}
VP -> V {NP (PP) (Adv), CP}
PP -> P NP
CP -> C S

33
Q

What is surface and deep structure?

A

Sentences may be superficially different but fundamentally equivalent

OR

Sentences may be superficially equivalent but fundamentally different.

Surface structure: What is written or said, the superficial

Deep structure: What is being meant or the underlying structure

34
Q

Can a syntactic rule repeat forever?

A

In theory yes, through recursion a rule can repeat over and over

34
Q

What is an exchange?

A

Where two words or sounds are swapped in speech.

The predicted pattern for words is that the words exchanged will be words of the same grammatical class

35
Q

What is Macroplanning?

A

Macroplanning is the discourse and genre considerations for overall communicative goal

36
Q

What is microplanning?

A

Semantic and syntactic considerations for a specific speech act in preparing the pre-verbal message.

37
Q

In which stage does the planning occur?

A

In the conceptualisation stage

38
Q

What indicates unfinished planning in unscripted speech?

A

Pauses longer than 0.5 seconds

other disfluencies such as false starts

39
Q

When are pauses said to occur in the expression of ideas?

A

At the start and very little in the middle and end

40
Q

What is pragmatics?

A
41
Q

What are the two elements of speech acts?

A

Parts: grammar, speech functions and grammatical mood and transformations

Types: Semantics (Searle)

42
Q

What does Austin call constatives?

A

Ordinary propositions, propositions based on experience which can be said to be either true or false

43
Q

What does Austin call performatives?

A

Utterances that can be said to dod the whole or part of an action which will in some way change a state-of-affairs

44
Q

What are the parts of a speech act?

A

Locutionary Act
Illocutionary force
Perlocutionary effect

45
Q

What is the Locutionary act?

A

The act of uttering words alone (eg. taking a trun in speech)

46
Q

What is the Illocutionary force?

A

The intention behind the words- the intended speech act (promising, threatening, questioning etc.)

47
Q

What is the Perlocutionary Effect?

A

The consequence the utterance has on the receiver and the communicative event

(Does the listener understand the illocutionary force?)

48
Q

How can you divide speech functions? (commodity and role in exchange)

A

Role:
1. Giver
2. Demander

Commodity exchanged:
1. Goods-&-services (action)
2. Information (linguistic information)

49
Q

What are the two types of knowing one can make a distinction between when a question is asked

A

Primary-knower

49
Q

What is a primary-knower?

A

An asker that wants to check the listener’s understanding of something known to the asker.

50
Q

What is a secondary knower?

A

The asker is without the knowledge requested

51
Q

What is deontic modality?

A

Deontic ability is in the category of goods&services.

Ability, willingness permission, obligation

Eg. I must leave now, Could you meet me in town?, I will make you a cuppa

52
Q

What is epistemic modality?

A

Truth, prediction - information linguistic

Eg. He must be tired, we could have snow again tomorrow, He will make it too weak.

Utterances to which you can respond eg. yes or no to.

Eg. He must be tired
- Yes he is, no he isn’t, it is true that he is.

53
Q

What are Searles types of speech acts?

A
  1. Assertives - Commiting the speaker to the truth expressed in a propsition
  2. Directives - Attempt by the speaker to get the addressee(s) to do something (requesting, promising)
  3. Commisives
    - Commiting the speaker to a future course of action (promising, threatning)
  4. Expressives - Express a psychological state (thanking, apologising)
  5. Declarations - Affect an institutional state-of-affairs (firing, declaring war)
54
Q

What is a Schema?

A

A general term for a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory

55
Q

What is a script?

A

Dynamic aspects of background knowledge about a recurrent context
- Eg. necessary moves; Optional moves etc.

56
Q

What is discourse?

A

A string of sentences that are connected by means of logical links

  • Relies on the readers/listener’s understanding of schemata and scripts, and language links
57
Q

What is cohesion, and which two types are there?

A

Cohesion is a relationship between words in a text.

When two words in a text have a relationship, it is called a cohesive tie.

There is:
1. Lexical Cohesive Ties
2. Grammatical Cohesive Ties

58
Q

What is a lexical cohesive tie?

A

A tie consisting of two lexical words. They are mutually-defining so that each part of the tie has meaning on its own without the other part of the tie.

  • Repetition
  • Sense Relations
  • Semantic Field
59
Q

Grammatical cohesion

A

They have a dependency relationship such that one part of the tie relies entirely on the other part of the tie for its meaning.

4 main types of grammatical cohesion
1. Reference
2. Substitution
3. Elipsis
4. Conjunction

60
Q

Explain the 4 main types

A

Reference- a word, having no semantic interpretaition of its own, refers to some other thing which is required for its interpretation

Substitution- As reference but the replacement of one item for another different one,

Elipsis- As substitution but where the replacement is not a pro-form but instead an entire omission

Conjunction- Explicit markers of links between words, phrases, or clauses of several different semantic types.

61
Q

What are exophoric references?

A

References that are external to the text

  • Situational
62
Q

What are endophoric references?

A

References that are internal to the text
- Textual

  • Anaphoric
  • Cataphoric
63
Q

What are phoricity constraints and how do they affect anaphoric relations?

A

Phoricity constrains on processing is other’s comprehension of our discourse.

The processing constraints dictate that

specific –> genreal phoricity (hypernym –> Hyponym) aids processing.

64
Q

New information

A

Information introduced to the discourse

  • Uses indefinite references, Stress

Existential sentences for mentions of a new referent

65
Q
A

VT 24 (7 decks)

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