Bens Föreläsningar Flashcards
Tip-of-the-tounge
A phenomenon that suggests that finding a word in our mental lexicon is not an all or nothing thing.
We build words out of parts.
What are the positions that a vowel can be in?
Fronted, Backed, Central
High, Mid, Low, and combination of High + mid, Low + mid
Which Vowel types can occur at the end of a word with no following consonant?
Long vowels and Diphthongs
weak vowels (coffee, drama) - but only in unstressed syllables
Weak vowels can only occur in?
Unstressed syllables
What are the three properties of consonants?
Voicing
Place of articulation
Manner of articulation
What is phonetics?
The characteristics of speech sounds
What is the difference between articulatory phonetics and auditory phonetics?
The brains perception of speech sounds
What is phonology?
The study of more abstracts (mental) sound patterns
phonotactics
Patterning restrictions at syllable level
Lexeme
Morphologically related forms of the same head-word in the dictionary
Lemma
A specific form of a lexeme
Lexical unit?
Fixed- and semi expression, word/lemma that does not correspond to one meaning
Lexical/open/content words
Nouns, verbs adjectives, adverbs
Grammatical/closed class/function words
articles, conjunctions and prepositions
Can a word gain meaning by the words it collocates with?
Yes it can
Which speech error are substitutions and blends a part of ?
Mis-selections
How are they (blends and substitutions ) predictable?
The errors are often closely linked to the target word.
Substitutions - Antonyms
Blends - Synonyms
In word association, what type of words are more prevalent?
antonyms
What is logical form?
The abstract underlying mental representation of a state-of-affairs
In a process of giving, someone gives someone something
What are the two types of bound morphemes?
Inflectional and derivational
What is the purpose of derivational morphemes?
Adds some semantical information to the root.
Generally changes the word class.
Can be both prefixes and suffixes,
Inflectional morphemes
Adds some grammatical information to the root
Generally maintains word-class
Suffixes
-s, -ies, -es
-s,-ed,-ing
-er,-est
What are structural properties of nouns?
- Can be quantified
two books - Can possess
the book’s last page
What are structural properties of verbs?
- Can indicate location in time
I walked to the shops, I will walk. - Can indicate whether the action is complete or not.He has been outside, He is going outside.
What are some POS analyses
- Adjectives tend to cluster adjacent to each other and are normally always followed by a noun
- Determiners are normally always followed by a noun
- Nouns often surround verbs
- Preposition Determiner Noun is a common pattern
- Adverbs are usually close to verbs
What are phrases?
Patterned combination of words with other words
Comprised of a fundamental and obligatory element
The elements of a phrase are inherently interdependent but a phrase is independent of other phrases.
What is the general make-up of phrases?
A pivotal/head element
A pre-modifier or/and a post-modifier
How can one identify a phrase?
- By their movement as a whole around a clause
- By their resistance to being interrupted
- By their ability to be replaced by pro-forms
“Who had a dream?” “I had one last night” - By their being predicated.
Noun phrases
Phrase that has a noun as its “head”
Pre-mod :
Determiner, adjective
Post-mod: rel. clause, PP, adverb
Verb phrases
Verb as head
pre:
modals - can, should, could, shall
aux - have, has , been
Post:
adverb- back, ahead, away
prep- down up
What is the generative approach of phrase structure rules?
Relatively few rules of syntax can generate infinite numbers of sentences
What are English phrase structure rules
S -> NP VP
NP-> {Art (Adh) N, Pro, PN}
VP -> V {NP (PP) (Adv), CP}
PP -> P NP
CP -> C S
What is surface and deep structure?
Sentences may be superficially different but fundamentally equivalent
OR
Sentences may be superficially equivalent but fundamentally different.
Surface structure: What is written or said, the superficial
Deep structure: What is being meant or the underlying structure
Can a syntactic rule repeat forever?
In theory yes, through recursion a rule can repeat over and over
What is an exchange?
Where two words or sounds are swapped in speech.
The predicted pattern for words is that the words exchanged will be words of the same grammatical class
What is Macroplanning?
Macroplanning is the discourse and genre considerations for overall communicative goal
What is microplanning?
Semantic and syntactic considerations for a specific speech act in preparing the pre-verbal message.
In which stage does the planning occur?
In the conceptualisation stage
What indicates unfinished planning in unscripted speech?
Pauses longer than 0.5 seconds
other disfluencies such as false starts
When are pauses said to occur in the expression of ideas?
At the start and very little in the middle and end
What is pragmatics?
What are the two elements of speech acts?
Parts: grammar, speech functions and grammatical mood and transformations
Types: Semantics (Searle)
What does Austin call constatives?
Ordinary propositions, propositions based on experience which can be said to be either true or false
What does Austin call performatives?
Utterances that can be said to dod the whole or part of an action which will in some way change a state-of-affairs
What are the parts of a speech act?
Locutionary Act
Illocutionary force
Perlocutionary effect
What is the Locutionary act?
The act of uttering words alone (eg. taking a trun in speech)
What is the Illocutionary force?
The intention behind the words- the intended speech act (promising, threatening, questioning etc.)
What is the Perlocutionary Effect?
The consequence the utterance has on the receiver and the communicative event
(Does the listener understand the illocutionary force?)
How can you divide speech functions? (commodity and role in exchange)
Role:
1. Giver
2. Demander
Commodity exchanged:
1. Goods-&-services (action)
2. Information (linguistic information)
What are the two types of knowing one can make a distinction between when a question is asked
Primary-knower
What is a primary-knower?
An asker that wants to check the listener’s understanding of something known to the asker.
What is a secondary knower?
The asker is without the knowledge requested
What is deontic modality?
Deontic ability is in the category of goods&services.
Ability, willingness permission, obligation
Eg. I must leave now, Could you meet me in town?, I will make you a cuppa
What is epistemic modality?
Truth, prediction - information linguistic
Eg. He must be tired, we could have snow again tomorrow, He will make it too weak.
Utterances to which you can respond eg. yes or no to.
Eg. He must be tired
- Yes he is, no he isn’t, it is true that he is.
What are Searles types of speech acts?
- Assertives - Commiting the speaker to the truth expressed in a propsition
- Directives - Attempt by the speaker to get the addressee(s) to do something (requesting, promising)
- Commisives
- Commiting the speaker to a future course of action (promising, threatning) - Expressives - Express a psychological state (thanking, apologising)
- Declarations - Affect an institutional state-of-affairs (firing, declaring war)
What is a Schema?
A general term for a conventional knowledge structure that exists in memory
What is a script?
Dynamic aspects of background knowledge about a recurrent context
- Eg. necessary moves; Optional moves etc.
What is discourse?
A string of sentences that are connected by means of logical links
- Relies on the readers/listener’s understanding of schemata and scripts, and language links
What is cohesion, and which two types are there?
Cohesion is a relationship between words in a text.
When two words in a text have a relationship, it is called a cohesive tie.
There is:
1. Lexical Cohesive Ties
2. Grammatical Cohesive Ties
What is a lexical cohesive tie?
A tie consisting of two lexical words. They are mutually-defining so that each part of the tie has meaning on its own without the other part of the tie.
- Repetition
- Sense Relations
- Semantic Field
Grammatical cohesion
They have a dependency relationship such that one part of the tie relies entirely on the other part of the tie for its meaning.
4 main types of grammatical cohesion
1. Reference
2. Substitution
3. Elipsis
4. Conjunction
Explain the 4 main types
Reference- a word, having no semantic interpretaition of its own, refers to some other thing which is required for its interpretation
Substitution- As reference but the replacement of one item for another different one,
Elipsis- As substitution but where the replacement is not a pro-form but instead an entire omission
Conjunction- Explicit markers of links between words, phrases, or clauses of several different semantic types.
What are exophoric references?
References that are external to the text
- Situational
What are endophoric references?
References that are internal to the text
- Textual
- Anaphoric
- Cataphoric
What are phoricity constraints and how do they affect anaphoric relations?
Phoricity constrains on processing is other’s comprehension of our discourse.
The processing constraints dictate that
specific –> genreal phoricity (hypernym –> Hyponym) aids processing.
New information
Information introduced to the discourse
- Uses indefinite references, Stress
Existential sentences for mentions of a new referent
