Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Urology > BENIGN DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE AND URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION: > Flashcards

BENIGN DISEASES OF THE PROSTATE AND URINARY TRACT OBSTRUCTION: Flashcards

1
Q

What is the largest accessory gland of the male reproductive system?

A

Prostate gland

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is the function of the prostate gland?

A

To secrete protealytic enzymes into the semen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where is the prostate located?

A

Inferior to the neck of the bladder

Anterior to the rectum

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Why do males have 2 sphincters?

A

Because one system has both a reproductive and urological function

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which zone of the prostate do tumours typically affect?

A

peripheral zone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which zone of the prostate does majority of benign prostatic enlargement occur?

A

Transitional zone

In the centre

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is the effect of benign prostatic enlargement mainly occurring at the transitional zone?

A

Pushing on the urethra and causing LUTS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is BPE?

A

Benign prostatic enlargement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is BPH?

A

Benign prostatic hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is BPO?

A

Bladder prostatic obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is LUTS?

A

Lower urinary tract symptoms

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is benign prostastic hyperplasia chracterised by?

A

Fibromuscular and glandular hyperplasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Who does BPE commonly occur in?

A

Aging men

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is BOO?

A

Bladder outflow obstruction

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What system scores LUTS?

A

IPSS

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a mild, moderate and severe IPSS score?

A

Mild: 0-7
Moderate: 8-19
Severe: 20-35

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What would voiding symptoms include?

A

Hesitancy
Poor stream
Terminal dribbling
Incomplete emptying

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What would storage LUTS include?

A

Frequency
Nocturia
Urgency
+/- urgency incontinence

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What could be found on examination for BPE?

A 
Palpable bladder
External urethral stricture 
Phimosis 
Nodule or firmness of prostate
Haematuria
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What investigations should be done for BPE?

A 
MSSU 
Flow rate study
Post void bladder residual USS 
Bloods 
Renal USS 
Flexible cystocopy
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What blood should be done for BPE?

A

PSA

Urea and creatinine

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

When should a renal US be performed?

A

If renal failure of bladder stone is suspected

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

When is a flexible cystocopy carried out?

A

If there is haematuria present

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

When is a prostate biopsy carried out?

A

If PSA is positive

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What is the treatment for uncomplicated BPO?
Watchful waiting
26
What is medical therapy Rx for uncomplicated BPO?
5 alpha reductase inhibitors
27
What is the mechanism of alpha blockers?
Smooth muscle relaxation in internal urethral sphincter and prostate
28
Which alpha blocker is standard treatment in UK?
Tamsuloin
29
What is the action of 5 alpha reductase inhibitors?
Convert testosterone to dihydrotestosterone
30
What is the effect of Converting testosterone to dihydrotestosterone?
Reduced prostatic size and risk of progression of BPE
31
What is the surgical treatment for BPE if prostate <100cc?
Transurethral resection of prostate | TURP
32
What are potential complications of BPO?
``` Progression of LUTS Acute of chronic urinary retention Urinary incontinence UTI Bladder stone Renal failure due to hydronephrosis ```
33
What is acute urinary retention defined as?
Painful inability to void with a palpable and percussible bladder
34
What is the main risk factors for acute urinary retention?
BPO | BPE
35
What is the immediate treatment for acute urinary retention?
Catheterisation
36
What is the medical treatment for acute urinary retention?
Alpha blocker immediately | Remove catheter in 2 days
37
What is the next line treatment for acute urinary retention that has been treated but still inability to void?
Recatheterise and organise TURP
38
What is chronic urinary retention?
Painless palpable and percussible bladder after voiding
39
What is the main cause of chronic urinary retention?
Detrusor underactivity
40
How does chornic urinary retention present?
LUTS of complications or incidental finding
41
What symptoms and signs are found at the severe end of the spectrum for chronic urinary retention?
Overflow incontinence | Renal failure
42
What is the treatment for chronic urinary retention?
Catheterisation
43
When is chronic urinary retention treated?
When patients are symptomatic
44
What are some complications of chronic urinary retention?
UTI Haematuria Pathological diuresis Electrolyte abnormalities
45
How should chronic urinary retention be managed?
IV fluids Long Term catheterisation TURP
46
What are causes of upper tract urinary obstruction?
``` TCC tumours Stones Blood clots Scar tissue Abdo or pelvis mass Lymph nodes ```
47
Where do upper tract obstructions commonly occur?
PUJ Ureter VUJ
48
What are the signs and symptoms of upper tract obstruction?
Panin - flank +/- loin Haematuria Palpable mass
49
What are potential complications of upper tract obstruction?
Infection Sepsis Renal failure
50
What are investigations for upper tract obstruction?
USS | CT
51
What is resus management for upper tract obstruction?
``` ABCs Bloods Urine.blood cultures Broad spectrum AB Analgesia ```
52
What is the emergency management for upper tract obstruction?
Percutaneous nephrostomy insertion | Retrograde stent insertion
53
What is the definitive treatment for upper tract obstruction?
Treat underlying cause
54
How would a stone be treated?
Ureteroscopy | Laser lithotripsy
55
How would a tumour be treated?
Nephroureterectomy
56
What is the main cause of lower tract obstruction?
BPH
57
What is a cause of urethral lower tract obstruction?
Urethral meatus | Foreskin
58
What are signs and symptoms of lower tract obstruction?
Voiding LUTS Storage LUTS Intermittency Straining
59
What is definitive management for chronic urinary retention?
Treat cause
60
How would you treat BPE?
Alpha blocker 5 alpha reductase inhibitor TURP (transurethral resection of prostate)
61
How would you treat a urethral stricture?
Optical urethrotomy
62
How would you treat meatal stenosis?
Meatal dilatation
63
How would you treat phimosis?
Circumcision
64
What investigations is used in benign prostatic hyperplasia to grade symptoms?
International Prostate Symptom Score (IPSS)

Urology (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions