Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

2a- Pathology > Benign and malignant tumours and classification > Flashcards

Benign and malignant tumours and classification Flashcards

1
Q

What can a tumour mean?

A
  • Tumour - any abnormal swelling:
    • Neoplasm
    • Inflammation
    • Hypertrophy
    • Hyperplasia
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a neoplasm?

A
  • A lesion resulting from the autonomous or relatively autonomous abnormal growth of cells which persists after the initiating stimulus has been removed
  • A new growth
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is the structure of a neoplasm?

A
  • Neoplastic cells
  • Stroma
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are features of neoplastic cells?

A
  • Always derived from nucleated cells (need nucleus for growth)
  • Usually monoclonal
  • Growth pattern and synthetic activity related to parent cell (eg. if from thyroid, will grow like thyroid may even produce same hormone)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What are features of the stroma?

A
  • Connective tissue framework
  • Mechanical support and nutrition
  • Usually not formed in haematopoietic neoplasms
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What is tumour angiogenesis?

A
  • Tumours growing a blood supply
  • Determines size of neoplasm, can’t grow more than 2mm without
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What can happen in tumour angiogenesis in malignant neoplasms?

A
  • Central necrosis (cells dying in middle) due to malignant neoplasms growing faster than blood supply
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are 2 ways of classifying neoplasms?

A
  • Behavioural
  • Histogenetic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the categories of behavioural classification?

A
  • Benign
  • Borderline
  • Malignant
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are features of benign neoplasms?

A
  • Localised, non-invasive
  • Slow growth rate
  • Low mitotic activity
  • Close resemblance to normal tissue
  • Circumscribed or encapsulated (usually by rim of normal tissue)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are histological features of benign neoplasms?

A
  • Nuclear morphometry often normal
  • Necrosis rare
  • Ulceration rare
  • Growth on mucosal surfaces usually exophytic (up and outwards)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What problems can benign neoplasms cause?

A
  • Cause morbidity and mortality
  • Pressure on adjacent structures
  • Obstruct flow
  • Produce hormones
  • Transform to malignant neoplasm
  • Anxiety
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are features of malignant neoplasms?

A
  • Invasive
    • Defining feature
  • Metastases
  • Rapid growth rate
  • Variable resemblance to normal tissue
  • Poorly defined or irregular border
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are histological features of malignant neoplasms?

A
  • Hyperchromatic nuclei
    • Darker than normal
  • Pleomorphic nuclei
    • Larger than normal
  • Increased mitotic activity
  • Necrosis and ulceration common
  • Growth on mucosal surfaces and skin often endophytic (downwards and inwards)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What problems can malignant neoplasms cause?

A
  • Cause morbidity and mortality
  • Destruction of adjacent tissue
  • Metastases
  • Blood loss from ulcers
  • Obstruct flow
  • Produce hormones
  • Paraneoplastic effects
    • Effects at distant sites
  • Anxiety and pain
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is histogenetic classification based on?

A

The specific cell of origin of a neoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What types of cells can neoplasms arise from?

A
  • Epithelial cells
  • Connective tissues
  • Lymphoid/haematopoietic organs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What are the 2 types of benign epithelial neoplasms?

A

Secretory (glandular) and non-secretory epithelium (non-glandular)

19
Q

What is a neoplasm of a benign (non-glandular) non-secretory epithelium?

A

Papilloma
Prefix with cell type of origin, e.g. squamous cell papilloma

20
Q

What is a neoplasm of (glandular) secretory epithelium?

A

Adenoma
Prefix with cell type of origin, e.g. colonic adenoma, thyroid adenoma

21
Q

What are malignant neoplasms of epithelial cells called?

A

Carcinoma
- Prefix with epithelial cell type e.g. urothelial carcinoma

22
Q

What are carcinomas of glandular epithelium called?

A

Adenocarcinomas

23
Q

What are benign connective tissue neoplasms called?

A

Named according to cell type of origin, suffixed by ‘-oma’

24
Q

What is a lipoma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of adipocytes

25
Q

What is a chrondroma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of cartilage

26
Q

What is a osteoma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of bone

27
Q

What is an angioma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of vascular cells

28
Q

What is a rhabdomyoma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of striated muscle (rare)

29
Q

What is a leiomyoma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of smooth muscle (common)

30
Q

What is a neuroma?

A

benign connective tissue neoplasm of nerves

31
Q

What are malignant connective tissue neoplasms called?

A

Sarcoma prefixed by cell type of origin

32
Q

What is a liposarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of adipose tissue

33
Q

What is a rhabdomyosarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of striated muscle

34
Q

What is a leiomyosarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of smooth muscle

35
Q

What is a chrondrosarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of cartilage

36
Q

What is an osteosarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of bone

37
Q

What is an angiosarcoma?

A

malignant connective tissue neoplasm of blood vessels

38
Q

What can malignant neoplasms be further categorised into?

A

Carcinomas and Sarcomas further classified by how closely they resemble normal tissue

39
Q

What does anaplastic mean?

A

Where cell type of origin cannot be determined

40
Q

What are exceptions to ‘oma’ meaning neoplasm?

A

granuloma (type of inflammation), mycetoma, tuberculoma (inflammation due to TB)

41
Q

What are malignant neoplasms that don’t end in carcinoma or sarcoma?

A
  • Melanoma: malignant neoplasm of melanocytes
  • Mesothelioma: malignant neoplasm of mesothelial cells
  • Lymphoma: malignant neoplasm of lymphoid cells (always malignant)
42
Q

What are some neoplasms named after people?

A
  • Burkitt lymphoma
  • Ewing sarcoma
  • Grawitz tumour
  • Kaposi sarcoma
43
Q

What does teratoma mean?

A

combination of different cell types

44
Q

What are embryonal neoplasms called?

A

Blastomas

2a- Pathology (16 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions