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Dentistry Year 1 > Bella Brown > Flashcards

Bella Brown Flashcards

1
Q

Which microbes are living

A

Bacteria
Archaea
Eukaryote

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2
Q

Which microbes are non living

A

Prions

Viruses

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3
Q

Define commensals

A

A microorganisms living on or in the body that is not pathogenic and may confer beneficial effects on host

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4
Q

What are oral flora

A

Microorganisms that normally inhibit the oral cavity

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5
Q

What beneficial effects do oral flora have

A

Prevents pathogenic colonisation through competition
Antagonises other bacteria
May make vitamins beneficial to host
Effects immune signalling

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6
Q

What are Kochs postulates for definition of pathogen

4

A

Suspected pathogen must be present in all cases of disease and absent from healthy animals
Suspected pathogen must be grown in pure culture
Cells from pure culture must cause disease in healthy animal
Suspected pathogen must be re isolated and shown to be same as original

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7
Q

What colour do gram negative bacteria stain

What colour do gram positive stain

A

Pink

Purple

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8
Q

What does superoxide dismutase metabolise

A

Oxygen radicals

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9
Q

What does catalase metabolise

A

H2O2 hydrogen peroxide

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10
Q

Which enzymes do obligate aerobes possess

Which enzymes do facultative anaerobes posess

A

SOD and catalase

SOD and catalase

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11
Q

Which enzymes do obligate anaerobes posess

Which enzymes do aerotolerant anaerobes posess

A

Neither SOD or catalase

SOD but not catalase

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12
Q

How do bacteria cause disease

A 
Adhesion pili
Exotoxins 
Endotoxins
Agressins
Immune damage
Biofilm formation
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13
Q

Define biofilm

A

An aggregate of interactive bacteria attached to a solid surface or each other encased in an extracellular polysaccharide matrix

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14
Q

Why are biofilms hard to treat

3

A

Evolve rapidly
Exchange genetic information
Can be encased within extracellular polymetric substance

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15
Q

What are the three types of virus

A

DNA viruses
RNA viruses
Retroviruses

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16
Q

How do DNA viruses function

A

Replicate using host transcription and translation machinery

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17
Q

How do RNA viruses function

A

Use own RNA polymerase to transcript but use host translation machinery

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18
Q

How to retroviruses function

A

Converts its RNA genome into DNA that is inserted into host genome

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19
Q

What are the two structures of fungi

A

Yeast

Filamentous/mould

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20
Q

Define prions

A

An abnormal form of a constituent protein of brain cells

Misfolded

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21
Q

What are mammelons

A

Enamel bumps when tooth newly erupted

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22
Q

Which tooth may appear to have twisted roots

A

Lower lateral incisor

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23
Q

How many roots does maxillary first premolar have

A

61% have 2

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24
Q

How many roots does maxillary 2nd premolar have

A

1

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25
Q

How many cusps does the upper first molar have

Which cusp is biggest

A

4 cusps
MB MP DB DP

MP biggest

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26
Q

What is a feature of wisdom tooth roots

A

Fused roots

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27
Q

How many cusps does lower 6 have

A

5 cusps

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28
Q

Define communicable disease

A

An illness due to specific infectious biological agents or its toxic products, capable of being directly or indirectly transmitted from man to man, animal to man, animal to animal or environment toman or animal

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29
Q

Define incidence

A

Number of new cases of disease % per year

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30
Q

Define prevalence

A

Numberof cases of disease in population at given time %

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31
Q

Define endemic

A

A disease commonly found within specific population

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32
Q

Define epidemic

A

A widespread occurrence of infectious disease in a community at particular time

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33
Q

Define zoonosis

A

Infections naturally transmitted from animal to man

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34
Q

Define resevoir

A

The environment in which an infectious agent usually lives, grows and multiplies

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35
Q

Define iatrogenic infections

A

An infection that arises as result of medical intervention

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36
Q

Define opertunistic infection

A

An infection that doesn’t normally cause disease but becomes pathogenic when bodies immune system impaired

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37
Q

Define caries

A

An infectious disease with progressive destruction of tooth surface beginning on the external surface by demineralisation of enamel or cementum

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38
Q

Which factors need to be present for caries to arise

4

A

Tooth surface
Plaque
Free non milk extrinsic sugar
Time

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39
Q

Define plaque

A

A biofilm consisting of a community of microorganisms enclosed in a matrix of extracellular material derived from the cells and their environment adhered to tooth surface and each other

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40
Q

Stages of plaque formation at times

A 
Pellicle seconds after surface exposed 
Single bacterial cells 4 hrs
Microcolonies 4-24hrs
Microbial sucession 1-14 days
Maturation 7-14 days
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41
Q

Define acidogenic

A

Consume sugars and produce lactic acid

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42
Q

Define aciduric

A

Bacteria thrive at low pH

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43
Q

What are some evidence bacteria are involved in plaque

A

Bacteria free animals dont get caries
Antibiotics reduce caries
Unerupted teeth don’t develop caries
Oral bacteria can demineralise enamel and dentine in vitro

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44
Q

What are the three categories of sugars

A

Intrinsic
Milk sugars
Non milk extrinsic sugars

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45
Q

How does saliva help protect against cavities

A

Clears away carbohydrates
Contains ions to re mineralise tooth surface- fluoride, hydroxyl, calcium phosphate
Acts as buffer to resist acid build up
Contains lysozyme and antibacterial components

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46
Q

What forms enamel

A

Prisms of hydroxyapatite crystals

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47
Q

What causes white spot lesions

A

Enlargement of intercrystalline spaces when crystallites shrink as minerals removed

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48
Q

How are dental caries detected

A

Visual examination
Transillumination
Radiographic examination

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49
Q

What is the critical pH value of enamel

A

5.5

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50
Q

What are examples of preventative dentistry

A

Fissure sealants
Plaque control
Diet analysis and advice
Fluoride

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51
Q

Define extracellular matrix

A

A three dimensional network of extracellular macromolecules such as collagen, enzymes and glycoproteins that provide structural and biochemical support to surrounding cells

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52
Q

What is ECM made by

A

Made by cells then secreted and modified outside of cells by enzymes

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53
Q

What are the functions of extracellular matrix

A 
Support for cells
Provides structure 
Regulates polarity 
Regulates cell division 
Functions as adhesive substrate 
Presents growth factors to their receptors during developement
Sequesters and stores growth factors 
Senses and transduces mechanical signals
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54
Q

What are the components of extracellular matrix

4

A

Fibrous proteins
Adhesive proteins
Hydrated matrix
Glycoproteins

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55
Q

What are the two main fibrous proteins

A

Collagen elastin

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56
Q

What are some properties of collagen

A

Tensile strength and elasticity
Made by fibroblasts and some epithelial cells
Triple helix
Assembled by enzymes outside cell

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57
Q

What causes scurvy

A

Insufficient collagen vitamin c deficiency means hydroxylation cannot take place so proline cant be converted to hydroxyproline, a protein in collagen
Too few H bonds are formed in collagen leading to weakness

58
Q

What are properties of elastin

A

Uncoils when stretched and re coils when relaxed
Composed of a core of cross linked elastin embedded within peripheral mantle of microfibrils which act as scaffold
Synthesised by fibroblasts and smooth muscle

59
Q

What part of ECM are proteoglycans

A

Hydrated matrix

60
Q

What are proteoglycans

What are they responsible for

A 
Group of proteins with multiple polysaccharide chains
Hyaluronic acid backbone 
Link proteins
Core proteins 
Keratin sulphate 
Chondroitin sulphate

Responsible for volume of extracellular matrix as each sugar has -ve charge that holds H2O

61
Q

What are two examples of adhesive proteins

A

Lamnin and fibronectin

62
Q

Describe the structure of laminin

A

Cross like structure composed of three subunits with binding domains

63
Q

What does laminin do

A

Guides cells during development

Cells migrate along laminin containing surfaces

64
Q

What is the role of fibronectin

A

Migration and differentiation of cells

Attaches cells to matrices containing fibrous collagen

65
Q

Define matrix metalloproteinases

A

Group of enzymes responsible for the degradation of extracellular matrix proteins during organogenesis, growth and normal tissue turnover

66
Q

What happens when medulla oblongata cut at top

A

Alters but doesn’t abolish respiration rhythm

67
Q

What happens when medulla oblongata cut at bottom

A

Abolishes respiratory rhythm

68
Q

What is the flow of input during respiration

A

Higher centres

Pons

Medulla oblongata

Inspiration and expiration drive

69
Q

What are the two centres in pons and what do they do

A

Apneustic
Promotes respiration by stimulating neurones in medulla

Pneumotaxic
Antagonises apneustic to inhibit respiration

70
Q

What type of receptors are pulmonary stretch receptors
Where are they found
What do they do

A

Slowly adapting
Smooth muscle of small and large airways
Protect lung from over inflation by hering breuer reflex

71
Q

What type of receptors are irritant receptors
Where are they found
What do they do

A

Rappidly adapting
Epithelial cells of upper airways and trachea bronchi tree
Coughing, bronchoconstriction, mucus secretion

72
Q

Where are juxta capillary/j receptors located

What do they detect

A

Located in alveolar wall

Detect chemicals in pulmonary circulation

73
Q

What do j receptors stimulate

Via which nerve

A

Rapid, shallow breathing

Vagus nerve

74
Q

Where are bronchial c fibres located

A

Bronchial blood vessels

75
Q

What do bronchial c fibres detect

What do they stimulate

A

Pulmonary emboli- clump of material in lung artery
Oedima- fluid build up in tissues

Stimulates apnoea
Tachypnoea- rapid breathing
Dyspnoea- difficult or laboured breathing

76
Q

Difference between slow and fast adapting nerve fibres

A

Slowly adapting monitor ongoing stimulation

Rapidly adapting monitor changing stimuli

77
Q

What do internal, external and innermost intercostal muscles govern

A

Forced exhalation
Inhalation
Forced exhalation

78
Q

Describe hering breuer reflex

A

Negative feedback system to protect lungs from over inflation
Volume of air inspired detect by lung stretch receptors which sends impulses to brainstem nuclei which initiates inhibition of inspiratory muscles

79
Q

What is the blood brain barrier

A

Complex surrounding most blood vessels in brain allowing only certain substances to cross from blood into brain

80
Q

Does carbon dioxide cross blood brain barrier

A

Yes

81
Q

Does hydrogen ions cross blood brain barrier

A

No

82
Q

Define hypoxia

A

Body deprived of its oxygen supply

83
Q

Define hypercapnia

A

CO2 levels in blood abnormally elevated

84
Q

Define apneusis

A

Abnormal breathing pattern characterised by deep gasping inspirations followed by brief partial expirations

85
Q

Which cells form dentine and where are they located

A

Odontoblasts located at dentine pulp junction

86
Q

What is pre dentine

A

Layer of unmineralised dentine that lies next to odontoblast cells

87
Q

What are calcospherites

A

Globules of mineral that will eventually mineralise the dentine

88
Q

Where does dentine form first

A

Amelo dentine junction

89
Q

What are the odontoblast processes

How far do they penetrate and what is the rest filled with

A

Processes left behind by odontoblast cells as they form dentine and move inward towards the pulp

1/4 of the way
Dentinal fluid

90
Q

What are the incremental lines of von ebner

How far apart are they

A

Show 24hr depositions of dentine

4 micrometers

91
Q

Knoop value of dentine

A

64

92
Q

What are the diameter of dentine tubules

A

2.5 micrometers at amelo dentine junction to 1 micrometers at pulp

93
Q

What is the S shape tubules form called

A

Primary curvature

Sigmoid curve

94
Q

What is primary dentine and when is it complete

A

Dentine that makes up bulk of tooth, mantle dentine, circumpulpal dentine
3 years after eruption

95
Q

What is secondary dentine

A

Dentine that continues to form after tooth completed which reduces size of pulp

96
Q

What are the types of tertiary dentine

What is its purpose

A

Reactionary- in reaction to trauma

Reparative- in response to stimulus

Protects pulp of tooth

97
Q

What is intertubular dentine

A

All dentine between the tubules

98
Q

What is interglobular dentine
Where is it located
What is its role

A

Hypomineralised dentine
Cusps or incisal regions
Shock absorber

99
Q

What is intratubular dentine

A

Highly mineralised brittle dentine caused by minerals leaking out of odontoblast processes into tubules

100
Q

What is intratubular dentines significance in forensic dentistry

A

Filling of tubules with intra tubular dentine begins at apex so indicates age

101
Q

What percentage of enamel is inorganic

A

96-97

102
Q

Why is decidous enamel whiter

A

Less mineralised so less translucent

103
Q

Knoop value enamel

A

296

104
Q

What is the crystallite formula of enamel

A

[Ca10 (PO4)2 (OH)2]

105
Q

What are perikymata

A

Small horizontal lines running across tooth surface which are surface manifestations of striae of retzius

106
Q

What are enamel prisms

What are crystallites

A

Fundamental units making up enamel

Small hexagonal rods that make up prisms

107
Q

What makes crystallites

A

Ameloblasts

108
Q

What is the diamof enamel prisms

A

Four to five micrometers, widening towards tooth surface

109
Q

What are interprismatic regions

A

Regions between prisms characterised by sharp change in crystallite direction

110
Q

Whats the difference between head and tails of prisms

A

In head crystallites well organised with no space for water or organic matrix so hard and brittle but in tail less well organised so more water and organic matrix to act as shock absorber

111
Q

What are cross striations

A

Lines every 4 micrometers across prisms showing daily enamel formation

112
Q

What is gnarled enamel and where is it located

A

Enamel which prisms show organised spiralling coarse to withstand forces of occlusion, present at cusps and incisal regions

113
Q

What is surface enamel

A

Highly opaque last region of prism to form, it contains high concentrations of flouride and carbohydrates so it harder and less soluble

114
Q

Whatever are striae of retzius

How far appart

A

Weekly incremental lines that appear as brown bands

28 micrometers apart

115
Q

What is neo natal line

A

An accentuated incremental line caused by change in environment and nutrients at birth

116
Q

What shape is amelo dentinal junction

A

Scalloped

117
Q

What is a plaque biofilm

A

Complex microbial community of bacteria that developes on hard material embedded in a matrix if polymers of bacterial and salivary origin

118
Q

Where is supragingival plaque

Where is subgingival plaque

Where is marginal plaque

A

Above gingival margin

Below gingival margin between tooth and gingival pocket epithelium

Along gingival margin

119
Q

Moving from cervical portion down to apical how does the substances in plaque change

A

Gram positive to gram negative
Lots of filaments to no filaments
More aerobic to more anaerobic

120
Q

What percentage of plaque is bacteria

A

70-80%

121
Q

Define gingivitis

A

Reversable inflammation of gingival tissue characterised by redness, swelling, false pocket formation and glazed appearance

122
Q

Define periodontitis

A

Inflammation of the supporting tissues of the teeth resulting in permanent tissue destruction and bone loss

123
Q

What is materia alba

A

Loosely organised accumulation of salivary proteins, epithelial cells and food debris that can be easily displaced by water spray

124
Q

What is calculus

A

Hard deposits formed by mineralisation of dental plaque usually covered by an unmineralised layer of plaque, it cannot be removed by tooth brushing

125
Q

What does the oleary plaque index record and how is it calculated

A

Records presence of plaque on individual tooth surfaces

Plaque index=
Number of tooth surfaces containing plaque/total number of available surfaces

126
Q

What are the goals of cross infection control

3

A

Minimise transmission
Patient to patient
Patient to clinician
Clinician to patient

127
Q

Define sterilisation

A

Removal of all living microorganisms

128
Q

Define disinfection

A

Removal of all pathogenic microorganisms

129
Q

Which microorganisms are highly resistant to disinfection

A

Spores

130
Q

What diameter does water lines in dental chair units have

A

1-2 mm

131
Q

What pathway do the water lines of dental chair units follow

A

Laminar pathway

132
Q

Why should detergent be used when cleaning instruments rather than disinfectant

A

Disinfectant can precipitate proteins, making them resistant to removal

133
Q

What are the sterilisation options and which is favoured

4

A

Dry heat
Chemical
Ionising
Steam- preferable

134
Q

How long does autoclaving at 121 take

A

30 mins

135
Q

How long does autoclaving at 126-129 take

A

10 mins

136
Q

How long does autoclaving at 134-139 take

A

3-5 mins

137
Q

What is the width of enamel prisms

A

4-5 micrometers

138
Q

Chemical composition of dentine

A

70% inorganic mineral
20% organic proteins
10% water

139
Q

What are schrager lines

A

Primary curvature of dentine

140
Q

What are dead tracts

A

Empty tubules of dentine where odontoblast killed leaving dark tubes

Dentistry Year 1 (5 decks)

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