Aaron Ackerman Flashcards
What are some symptoms of hep b
Nausea Vomiting Diarrhoea Headaches Jaundice
What is the median incubation time for heb b
When dose heb b become chronic
2.5 months
Around 6 months
What are the complications of chronic hepatitis b
Hepatocellular carcinoma
Cirrhosis
How is transmission of hepatitis b minimised
PPE
Cross infection control
Vaccine
Which hepatitis b antibody is used in the vaccine
HBsAb
What level of antibody must there be during serological testing 6 months after the vaccination course is finished
10 IU/L
What are the layers of the scalp
Skin Connective tissue dense Aponeurosis Loose connective tissue Pericranium
What are the four basic tissue types
Epithelial
Muscular
Nervous
Connective
What are the roles of epithelial tissue
Line body cavities and surfaces
Forms glands
Provides protection
Aids diffusion, secretion and filtration
What are properties of epithelial tissue
Basement membrane
Non vascularised
Cells divide rapidly
Tightly packed
What are the types and roles of epithelium
Simple- lining, diffusion
Stratified- protection
Pseudostratified
What are the roles of connective tissue
Provide support Protection Act as framework Store fat Produce blood cells Fight infection Repairs damaged tissue
What are the properties of connective tissue
Scattered cells in intracellular matrix
Good blood supply
Cells can reproduce
Contains ground substance
What are the types of connective tissue proper
Loose irregular /areolar- viscous fluid matrix containing many cells and a loose arrangement of fibres
Dense irregular- viscous fluid matrix containing a dense network of collagenous and elastic fibres which is impact resistant
What are the types of specialised connective tissue
Dense regular- densely packed collagen fibres resistant to axially loaded tension forces but has some flexibility
Adipose tissue/fat- large lipid droplets surrounded by thin rim of cytoplasm with nuclei pushed to side
Blood- blood plasma and blood cells
Properties of smooth muscle
Involuntary
Slow contraction speed
Unstriated
Properties of skeletal muscle
Voluntary
Fast contraction speed
Striated
Properties of cardiac muscle
Involuntary
Very slow contraction speed
Striated
Intercalated disks
What are the two types of neural cell
Neurones
Neuroglia
What are the three types of neurone
Sensory
Relay
Motor
What is the function of neuroglia such as schwaan or satellite cells
Support, regulation and protection of neurones
What nervous system are most of the cranial nerves part of
Peripheral nervous system
What are the 12 cranial nerves
Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal Abducens Facial Vestibulocochlear Glossopharyngeal Vagus Accessory Hypoglossal
How do nerves exit the cranial cavity
Through fissures and foramina
What does the olfactory nerve govern
What does the optic nerve govern
What does the oculomotor nerve govern
Smell
Sight
Eye movement and pupil constriction
What does the trochlear nerve govern
What does Trigeminal nerve govern
What does the abducens nerve govern
Eye movement
Somatosensory info from head and muscles of mastication
Eye movement
What does the facial nerve govern
What does the vestibulocochlear nerve govern
What does the glossopharyngeal nerve govern
Muscles of facial expression, taste
Hearing and balance
Taste, sensory info from tongue, swallowing muscles
What does the vagus nerve govern
What does the accessory nerve govern
What does the hypoglossal nerve govern
Sensory, motor and autonomic function of viscera
Muscles of head movement
Muscles of tongue
Which are the mineralised hard tissues of the tooth
4
Enamel
Dentine
Cementum
Alveolar bone
What are the non mineralised soft tissues of the tooth
4
Gingiva
Pulp
Oral mucosa
Periodontal ligament
What are the four tooth supporting structures
Cementum
Alveolar bone
Gingivae
Periodontal ligament
What are the stages of preparing paraffin wax sections
Fixation Dehydration Embedding in wax Sectioning on microtome Drying De waxing using solvent Staining
When would frozen sections be used
When answers are needed fast for example during surgery
When is ground sectioning used
Hard tissues
What does h and e stand for
Hematoxylin
And
Eosin
What type of dye is hematoxylin and what does it stain
A basic dye
Stains acidic structures purple or blue
What type of dye is eosin and what does it stain
Acidic dye
Stains non acidic components pink
How does gram staining work
Gram positive bacteria have thicker peptidoglycan cell wall so retain crystal violet
Gram negative bacteria have thinner peptidoglycan cell wall so doesn’t retain as much crystal violet
What is the general basis of immunohistochemistry
Using antigens to label antibodies with flourescent tag or dye, usually florophore
What is the difference between the direct and indirect method of immunohistochemistry
Direct
Primary antibody directly conjugated to florophore
Indirect
Primary antibody unconjugated, secondary antibody conjugated and attaches to primary
Definition of tissue
Collection of similar cells performing specialised function
Organ definition
Group of tissues adapted to perform specific function
Which are bigger out of archaea, protozoa, fungi, parasites
Parasites
Which are smaller, viruses, intracellular bacteria, extracellular bacteria
Viruses
Which are the primary lymphoid organs
Red bone marrow
Thymus gland
What occurs in primary lymphoid organs
Lymphocytes are formed and mature, stem cells differentiate into t and b cells
Define hematopoiesis or haemopoiesis
The process of formation and differentiation of blood cells derived from bone marrow stem cells
What do secondary lymphoid organs have a role in
Series of filters monitoring contents of extracellular fluids, and where lymphocytes are activated
Give examples of secondary lymphoid organs/tissues
Tonsils Mucosa associated lymphoid tissue Bronchus associated lymphoid tissue Lymph nodes Bone marrow Spleen Peyers patch
What are the three divisions of innate immunity
Mechanical defences
Physical barriers
Non specific immune response
What are some mechanical defences of the oral cavity
Saliva containing enzymes and antibodies
Secondary lymphoid tissues such as mucosa associated lymphoid tissue or tonsils
Gingival crevicular fluid which contains cytokines, compliment proteins and antibodies
Define compliment
A complex system of 20 or more serum proteins interacting with each other to support the antigen, antibody reaction by lysis and phagocytosis of invading organisms
What is C3b and what doit play a role in
Compliment protein
Opsonisation- can bind in non specific manner to invading particle
What does compliment protein c3a have a role in
Inflammation
What are the stages of compliment cascade
Compliment activation of C3
C3 splits into C3a C3b
C3b activates C5
C5 splits into C5a C5b
Membrane attack complex
What is the membrane attack complex and what does it cause
Ring formed by compliment proteins which sticks into membrane and disrupts it, causing lysis
What do natural killer cells inject
Perforin and granzyme
What are the three types of phagocytes
Neutrophils
Monocytes
Macrophages
What are the features of adaptive immunity
Memory
Clonal selection and expansion
Specificity
Cell signalling
What are the features of innate immunity
Rapid initial response
Phagocytosis
Antigen presentation
Cell signalling
Define diphyodont
Having two successive sets of teeth, deciduous and permanent
How many molars in the primary dentition
8
How many pre molars in the primary dentition
None
What is the maxillary left central incisor of adult teeth in FDI
21
What is the upper right first molar of deciduous teeth in FDI
54
What is the mandibular right lateral incisor in zsigmondy palmer for deciduous teeth
Lower left B
What is the second maxillary right premolar of permanent dentition in zsigmondy palmer
Upper right 5
What is the pneumonic for eruption dates
Mama is in power papa cant make mistakes
Which tooth has the cusp of carabelle
Upper 6
What are class 1,2 and 3 occlusion
class 1 is normal with upper teeth slightly in front of lower
class 2 malocclusion is when upper teeth too far forward
Class 3 is when upper teeth behind lower teeth
What type of epithelium is the mucosa covered in
Stratified squamous
What are the three divisions of the Trigeminal nerve and which foramina do they go through
Ophthalmic- superior orbital fissure
Maxillary - foramen rotundum
Mandibular - foramen ovale
What is the SMAS
Superficial layer of facial muscle not attached to bone
What is natural active immunity
Specific immune response as a result of person becoming exposed to live pathogen, developing disease and becoming immune by producing antibodies and memory cells
What is natural passive immunity
Immunity that mother passes to child through antibodies crossing placenta and antibodies in colostrum
What is artificial active immunity
When immune system activated to make antibodies to a safe form of antigen injected into the bloodstream triggering specific immune response and memory
What is artificial passive immunity
Antibodies from animal extracted and injected to provide temporary immunity
What are live attenuated vaccines
Use weakened form of pathogen
What are inactivated vaccines
Use killed version of pathogen
What is subunit, recombinant, polysaccharide and conjugate vaccine
Use specific components of pathogen such as its proteins of capsid
Hep b vaccine either recombinant or plasma derived vaccine
What are toxoid vaccines
Use toxin produced by pathogen to create immunity to disease causing part of pathogen
What are the processes of the maxilla
Frontal
Zygomatic
Alveolar
Palatal
Which are the branches of the facial nerve
Temporal Zygomatic Buccal Mandibular Cervical
Which foramen does the facial nerve exit
Stylomastoid foramen
Name the neuralgia of the CNS
4
Ependymal cells
Astrocytes
Oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Name the neuroglia of the pns
2
Schwaan cell
Satellite cells
Which nerves are not true cranial nerves
Olfactory
Optic
What is PAS staining used for
Stains carbohydrate and hydrogen rich molecules
What do beta cells secrete
What do alpha cells secrete
Insulin
Glucagon
What is a cusp
Elevation on crown making up divisional part of occlusal surface
What is a tubercle
Small elevation on proportion of crown produced by extra formation of enamel
What is cingulum
Small protuberance in cervical third of palatal aspect of incisor or canine
What is a marginal ridge
Enamel elevation forming mesial or distal border of occlusal surface
What is central fossa
Depression on occlusal surface of molars formed by convergence of ridges
