beliefs in society - topic 1

Question 1

Substantive definitions

Answer 1

Focus on the content of a religion. Weber defines a religion as a belief in a supernatural force or being that is above nature.

This is a exclusive definition as it does not include religions such as Buddhism

Question 2

Functional definitions

Answer 2

Focus on the social or psychological functions a religion performs for an individual or society

This is an inclusive definition however it can be considered to broad as it may include non religious practices

Question 3

Constructionist definitions

Answer 3

Is an interpretive approach which focuses on how a society defines religion

Argues that there is no worldwide definition of religion but is based on how it is perceived by the society

For example, Scientology is deemed a religion by its followers but many governments refuse to grant it legal status as a religion

Question 4

The scared and the profane concept explanation

Answer 4

Durkheim studied the importance of religion

He had little interest in the existence of God but instead became interested in the distinction of scared and profane objects in religion

Sacred objects are surrounded by wonder and are worshiped whereas profane objects are deemed mundane and ordinary.

For example the Torah is kept in the holiest place in the synagogue

Question 5

Why is religion important according to Durkheim?

Answer 5

Durkheim, a functionalist argues that religion unites members of society in to a single moral community through value consensus. Individuals are in agreement on shared beliefs. Without value consensus there would be anomie.

• Social cohesion through collective worship by social groups

Question 6

Totemism

Answer 6

Durkheim decided that in order to understand the essence of religion he had to study it in its most simple form. He look at a clan society in the form of an Australian aboriginal tribe. The members often came together to worship a totem which Durkheim argue represented the worshiping society. Therefore they’re united under a single moral code

Question 7

Collective conscience

Answer 7

Durkheim argued that this is the idea that members of society share the same norms and values. This therefore prevents individuals from going against the overall morals of society because they fear breaking these rules. Therefore religion makes people feel a part of something greater than themselves.

Question 8

Psychological functions

Answer 8

Malinowski argues that religion generates social solidarity by enabling individuals to cope with psychological stress.

For example, islanders of the west pacific often performed rituals before taking part in dangerous ocean fishing.

Religion gives people a sense of control and eases tension. - Good during time of life crisis

• provides solidarity

Question 9

Why is religion important according to Parsons?

Answer 9

Argues that its primary function is to provide a sense of meaning and answers to unanswerable questions

Can explain suffering as a test of faith and enables people to adjust to b ad circumstances