behavourism (learning theory) Flashcards
What is introspection?
A systematic analysis of one’s own conscious experience
Introspection involves examining and reflecting on personal thoughts and feelings.
What does behaviorism focus on?
An investigation into the observable behavior of individuals
Behaviorism emphasizes the study of behavior as a response to environmental stimuli.
What is classical conditioning?
Learning by association through the pairing of stimuli
Classical conditioning was famously demonstrated by Ivan Pavlov with his experiments on dogs.
Who is associated with operant conditioning?
B.F. Skinner
Skinner’s experiments involved reinforcement and punishment to shape behavior.
What are the two types of reinforcement in operant conditioning?
Positive reinforcement and negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement adds a rewarding stimulus, while negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus.
Fill in the blank: Classical conditioning is learning by _______.
[association]
What is the Little Albert case an example of?
Phobias developed through classical conditioning
Little Albert was conditioned to fear a white rat, demonstrating how emotional responses can be learned.
What is the role of punishment in operant conditioning?
To decrease the likelihood of a behavior
Punishment can be either positive (adding an unpleasant consequence) or negative (removing a pleasant stimulus).
What does environmental determinism suggest?
Behavior is the result of environmental influences
This perspective emphasizes the role of nurture in shaping behavior.
What does environmental reductionism imply?
Complex behaviors can be explained by simpler environmental factors
It focuses on the influence of environmental stimuli on behavior.
What is the primary focus of the behavioral approach?
Human behavior as a product of learned stimulus-response associations and rewards
This approach emphasizes observable behaviors rather than internal mental states.
Who are referred to as Empiricists in the context of behaviorism?
Behaviorists
They emphasize the importance of observable data and experiences in understanding human behavior.
What are the features of science according to the behavioral approach?
Empiricism, direct observations, rigorous control of variables
These features ensure the reliability and validity of scientific findings in behavioral studies.
What does empiricism entail in the context of behaviorism?
Direct observations and measurements only
This means that behaviorists rely solely on observable phenomena rather than introspection.
What is meant by ‘deterministic’ in behaviorism?
External influences are the only causes of behavior
This perspective denies the role of free will in human actions.
