Behaviourist Appr Flashcards
How does operant conditioning explain relationship formation?
New relationship may be positively reinforcing (e.g. compliments) so we are more likely to repeat behaviour i.e. spent more time with them.
A relationship may help us avoid loneliness and rejection, and successfully avoiding these feelings is also reinforcing (negative reinforcement)
We may feel punished for not being in a relationship (e.g. snarky comments), decreasing the likelihood of wanting to be alone + increasing the likelihood well. want to form relationships
explain formation of pet-owner relationships
the principles of O.C are used in pet training, helping the formation of pet-owner relationships
positive reinforcement will increase contentment in both so good behaviour is likely to be repeated
studies= pet owners- less likely to suffer from depression + have lower blood pressure than those without. So the presence of a pet is generally associated with pos feelings like loyalty and companionship.
How does classical conditioning explain relationship formation?
if we meet someone, associated with pleasant events, we are much more inclined to like them if we meet them when we are feeling sad.
A positively neutral stimulus can become positively valued due to their associated with pleasant event.
Liking leads to having a relationship
An example of animal behaviour liked to human (operant)
principles developed in confinements of a lab with animals are applied in many contexts to help shape human behaviour (e.g. education and in prisons)
Token economy systems- desirable behaviour is reinforced with tokens that an be exchanged for rewards such as sweets and cigarettes.
An example of animal behaviour linked to human (classical)
conditioning to salivate principles have been applied in behaviourist therapies to help ppl overcome problems such as phobias
Systematic Desensitisation= client learns to associate the phobic object with feelings of relaxation, instead of anxiety
What do the laws of learning for both humans and animals allow?
we are able to study animal learning in a laboratory environment and make generalisations about human behaviour.
How does punishment affect operant conditioning?
it weakens behav and should decrease the likelihood that the behaviour will reoccur again- the opposite of reinforcement.
For example, if Skinner’s rats received a shock following pressing the lever rather than a food pellet, they were less likely to press the lever again
What Is negative reinforcement? It’s purpose?
Escaping something unpleasant (e.g. completing homework to avoid detention) as it behaviour
it strengthens behaviour
What is positive reinforcement + its purpose?
any reinforcement will increase the chance that the behav will be repeated
being rewarded
Who is B.F Skinner? What did he do?
he demonstrated that an animal can learn to behave in certain ways due to being rewarded with food, via the Skinner box in 1938
What is operant conditioning + reinforcement?
new behav are learned through reinforcement.
reinforcement= something that will increase the the chance that the behav will occur again
can be positive/ negative both shape behav
Explain the process of Pavlov’s dog classical conditioning
before- food= unconditioned stimulus, (UCS)
salvation = unconditioned response (UCR)
During - neutral stimulus (NS) e.g. bell sound- presented with UCS, repeated many times - association occurs.
After- bell= conditioned stimulus (CS) -produces a new conditioned response (CR) = salvation
Who is Ivan Pavlov in assumption 2?
he first described the process of classical conditioning in 1902 from his observation of salvation in dogs
Classical Conditioning. - new behav are learned through association.
What is environmental determinism?
the association she make early on in life (e.g.) dentists=pain) and the early rewards/punishments provided by our environment (e.g. smacked for bad behaviour) pre-determine our later reactions to other people and situations
How does traditional behaviourism lie about the N-N debate?
they lie at the extreme end of the nature-nurture debate, ignoring factors like genetics, physiology and evolution in explaining behav.
