Behaviourism Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Behaviourism and how does it operate?

A

The science of human behaviour; behaviourists collect facts, measure behaviour, and look for patterns

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2
Q

What is the main belief held by behaviourists?

A

One’s behaviour is entirely dependent on their past & present environment

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3
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

A method of conditioning that focuses on automatic, unconscious responses to stimuli

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4
Q

What is a neutral stimulus?

A

A stimulus that generates no positive or negative response

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5
Q

What is an unconditioned response?

A

The automatic, unconscious response to a stimulus

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6
Q

What is a conditioned response?

A

A response that is trained over time, and eventually becomes automatic

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7
Q

What is a conditioned stimulus?

A

A stimulus that has been conditioned to generate either positive or negative automatic responses (conditioned responses)

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8
Q

What does it mean to ‘extinguish’ in the behaviourist context?

A

To extinguish = to minimize/reduce/disappear a response to a conditioned stimulus

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9
Q

What is the Garcia Effect?

A

Conditioned ‘taste’ aversion
i.e. Cindy & the taste of lamb

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10
Q

What kind of classical conditioning did Watson & Rayner do?

A

Classical conditioning of emotions

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11
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

Taking an action and heightening or decreasing it for research purposes
i.e. the rat pushing the bar for food

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12
Q

Who invented the ‘Rats pushing bars’ experiment?

A

B. Skinner

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13
Q

What are successive approximations?

A

Conditioning via ‘warmer or colder’ methodology to en/discourage certain behaviours

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14
Q

What are reinforcers?

A

Anything at all that increases behaviour - it can be positive or negative

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15
Q

What are positive reinforcers?

A

Anything that people like

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16
Q

What are the two main types of positive reinforcers?

A

Primary (basic human needs)
Secondary (praise, toys, tokens, fun activities, etc.)

17
Q

What is a negative reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer that is something negative being taken away or stopped
i.e. your car stopping its horrid beeping when you buckle your seatbelt

18
Q

What is the Premack Principle?

A

If you do x (eat your veggies) you’ll get y (dessert!)

19
Q

Name the two categories of punishment

A

Removal and presentation

20
Q

What are removal punishments?

A

Taking away something an individual likes

21
Q

What are presentation punishments?

A

Spanking, yelling, etc.

22
Q

What are some side effects of punishment

A

Any of…
- people working hard to avoid punishing situations
- at times punishment acts as a reinforcer and increases misbehaviour
- students may model aggressive behaviour
- time wasted for all parties