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Philosophy p2 > behaviourism > Flashcards

behaviourism Flashcards

1
Q

what are the 2 types of behaviourism

A

-hard behaviourism
-soft behaviourism

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2
Q

who came up with hard behaviourism

A

Hemple

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3
Q

define hard behaviourism

A

-words used to describe the mind mean the same thing as words used to describe behaviours
-mind is nothing more than behaviours
-if you describe all behaviours in physical terms then you have described the mind

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4
Q

what does hard behaviourism conclude

A

all mental states are reduced down to mental behaviours

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5
Q

what’s an example of hard behaviourism

A

a person indicating they are in pain of some sort, like a footballer that has been fouled, or have they?

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6
Q

who came up with soft behaviourism

A

Ryle

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7
Q

define soft behaviourism

A

where propositions about mental states are propositions about behavioural dispositions

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8
Q

what’s an example of soft behaviourism

A

-if you have a tooth ache your don’t necessarily weep in pain, you may hide the fact you are suffering
-if your thirsty but don’t get yourself a drink

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9
Q

what does soft behaviourism conclude

A

analyses mental states in terms of behavioural dispositions, not just actual behaviours

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10
Q

define behavioural dispositions

A

how something will/is likely to behave in certain circumstances

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11
Q

what’s an example of behavioural dispositions

A

-a wine glass has a disposition to break when dropped on a hard surface
-the wine glass has this disposition even when it hasn’t been dropped yet and is in perfect condition
-someone with the mental state of pain will have a disposition to say ouch even if they don’t

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12
Q

what do these examples show about behavioural dispositions

A

behavioural dispositions are hypothetical behaviours as well as actual behaviours

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13
Q

what can be used to argue against behaviourism

A

Chalmer’s zombies

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14
Q

how does the zombie argument argue against behaviourism

A

-zombies have behaviours but no qualia
-zombie has all behavioural dispositions associated with pain but doesn’t have mental state of pain

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15
Q

what does the zombie argument conclude

A

-if zombies are possible, the behavioural disposition of pain is separate from the mental state
-if behavioural dispositions can be separate from mental state then behaviourism is false.

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16
Q

how does behaviourism respond to the zombie argument

A

-zombies are inconceivable
-mental states are behavioural dispositions and so mental states without behavioural dispositions are inconceivable

17
Q

how does Ryle respond the the zombie argument

A

to think mental states are distinct from their associated behaviours is to make a category mistake

18
Q

what’s an example of a category mistake

A

-someone wants to know what Oxford uni is
-so you show them the library, lecture theatres, teacher, students etc
-after the tour the person says ‘you’ve shown me all this but where is Oxford uni’
-there isn’t one thing you can point out and say ‘that is Oxford uni’

19
Q

how does the Oxford uni example apply to behaviourism

A

-Ryle argues, showing someone the various behavioural dispositions associated with pain is to show them what the mental state of pain is.
-there is no single thing you can point to and say ‘that is pain’.
-concludes it it a category mistake to do so

20
Q

how can you respond to Ryle’s Oxford uni example

A

Super Spartans

21
Q

who came up with the idea of super spartans

A

Hilary putnam

22
Q

define super spartans

A

people who completely suppress any outward demonstration of pain

23
Q

how do super spartan’s show behaviourism is false

A

-they are an example of mental pain without associated behavioural dispositions and therefore seperate
-therefore behaviourism is false

24
Q

what do super spartans conclude

A

p1-bahaviousism says to be in pain is to have a disposition to behave in certain ways
p2-super spartans can be in pain but not have a disposition to behave in those ways
p3-so, pain is not the same as behavioural dispositions
c-so behaviourism is false

25
Q

define knowledge of my own mental states

A

-direct knowledge

26
Q

define knowledge of someone else’s mental state

A

-indirect knowledge
-we have to infer how they are feeling from their behaviour

27
Q

what’s an example of self knowledge and knowledge of others

A

if I’m in pain there is no way I could be mistakes however if I see someone scream I may thing they are in pain but they could be acting

28
Q

what does this example show about behaviourism

A

p1-bahaviourism seems to rule out any asymmetry between self knowledge and knowledge of other people’s mental states
p2-there clearly is asymmetry between self knowledge and knowledge of others mental states
c-so behaviourism must be false

29
Q

how does Ryle respond to the argument of self knowledge and knowledge of others

A

-self knowledge and knowledge of others mental states are the same thing
-we acquire this knowledge the same ways, paying attention
-asymmetry is an illusion from having more info about self knowledge than knowledge of others

30
Q

what’s an example that asymmetry is an illusion

A

-internal speech and external speech are the same external behaviour
-the fact one is private and one it external isn’t important
-both the same behaviour

31
Q

what does asymmetry being an illusion conclude

A

-there is no difference between self knowledge and knowledge of others
-you know what someone is thinking by paying attention to what they say, you know what you are thinking by paying attention

32
Q

what responds to asymmetry is an illusion

A

qualia

33
Q

what does qualia argue

A

-no amount of knowledge of a persons behaviour and behavioural dispositions gives you knowledge of their qualia
-so, there will always be asymmetry between self and other knowledge

34
Q

mental states are nothing more than behavioural dispositions

A

p1-intro
-behaviourism is wrong
-define key terms
p2-argument 1
-zombies
p3-response 1
-category mistake (Ryle)
p4-response 2
-super spartans
p5-argument 2
-asymmetry between self and others knowledge
p6-response 3
-asymmetry is an illusion (Ryle)
p7-response 4
-qualia
p8-conclusion
-mental states are not the same as behavioural dispositions.

35
Q

who responds to Ryle’s category mistake

A

Hilary Putnam

36
Q

what is Hilary Putnams argument

A

super spartans

Philosophy p2 (11 decks)

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