Behavioural science and socio-cultural psychiatry Flashcards
What are the four components of language?
Semantics
Syntax
Pragmatics
Phonology
Temperament.
Whose work is important?
What proportion of kids did they find categories for?
What were those categories and %?
Thomas and Chess.
65%.
Easy child (40%), Difficult (10%), Slow to warm up (15%)
give examples of quantitative personality tests.
give examples of qualitative personality tests.
projective tests (aka qualitative) Rorschach Inkblot Thematic Apperception Test Draw-A-Person test Sentence completion tests
objective (aka quantitative)
Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory
Sixteen Personality Factor Questionnaire (16PF)
NEO Personality Inventory
Esyenck personality test (EPQ)
What is the purpose of the following declarations:
- Geneva
- Helsinki
- Tokyo
- Malta
- Lisbon
- Ottawa
Geneva- a revision of the Hippocratic Oath, following crimes committed in Nazi Germany
Helsinki- ethical principles for medical research involving human subjects.
Tokyo- torture, degradation, or cruel treatment of prisoners or detainees.
Malta- guidelince to doctors treating people who are on hunger strike.
Lisbon- rights of patients.
Ottawa- optimal child health.
What are the top four on the Holmes Rahe stress scale?
- Death of a spouse
- Divorce
- Marital separation
- Jail Term
Give five aspects of Gestalt psychology.
Pragnanz - This is the central law that states that ‘every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible’.
Similarity - Items that are similar tend to be grouped together.
Proximity - Things that are near each other seem to be grouped together.
Continuity - Points that are connected by straight or curving lines are seen in a way that follows the smoothest path.
Closure - Things are grouped together if they seem to complete a picture. When presented with a picture we tend to fill in the gaps to turn something into a meaningful image.
What is cognitive dissonance?
The term ‘cognitive dissonance’ describes the unpleasant feeling experienced when the is a conflict within an individuals attitudes, beliefs or behaviors. It is this unpleasant sensation that leads people to change.
What are the different types of stigma?
Discredited and discreditable Stigma In discredited stigma, an individual; assumes that their difference is already known about or is evident.
In discreditable stigma, the person assumes that their stigma is neither known about by those present nor immediately perceivable by them
Felt stigma Felt stigma (internal stigma or self-stigmatisation) refers to the shame and expectation of discrimination that prevents people from talking about their experiences and stops them seeking help
Enacted stigma Enacted stigma (external stigma, discrimination) refers to the experience of unfair treatment by others
Courtesy stigma This is stigma not felt directly. Often a carer or relative of a stigmatised individual may feel shame or be treated differently
Who argued for the primary abilities?
What were they?
Thurstone
Word fluency Verbal comprehension Spatial visualization Number facility Associative memory Reasoning Perceptual speed
What three practices occur in groups that deter from good group work.
Groupthink is a phenomenon that occurs within a group of people, in which the desire for harmony or conformity in the group results in an incorrect or deviant decision-making outcome.
Groupshift is the phenomenon in which the initial positions of individual members of a group are exaggerated toward a more extreme position.
Deindividuation is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups.
What does theory of the mind look at
The Sally-Anne test
looks at what others are thinking
marble is moved and sally asks ‘where shall i look for the marble’…autistic kids couldnt understand that she wouldnt know where to look
Escape vs avoidant conditioning?
Escape would be you smell bad, so you shower more, and you don’t smell bad as a result.
Avoidance would be you don’t smell bad, you shower, you continue to not smell bad
What are the four ways in which people can join a new culture?
What one is subdivided?
Assimilation - when individuals give up home culture and embrace the dominant culture
Integration - maintaining the home culture but also embracing the dominant culture
Separation - maintaining home culture and being isolated from the dominant culture
Marginalization - giving up the home culture and failing to relate properly to the dominant culture
Two forms of assimilation are recognised. The first, total, involves the obliteration of the non-dominant culture, the second, ‘melting pot’ refers to a less extreme version where a new form of the dominant culture emerges.
What are the big four theories of emotion?
James Lange: Event - arousal - interpretation - emotion
Cannon-Bard: one feels an emotion at the same time as physiological changes.
Schachter: context important; context. For example if your heart is racing and you’re about to have an exam you label yourself as afraid, but if your heart is racing and your about to kiss your boyfriend/girlfriend you label your emotional state as excited.
Lazarus: This theory suggests that a thought is first required before an emotion occurs. For example you see a big dog, you think it is going to bite you, and you feel afraid.
Discuss the three broad moral theories.
Teleological; consequences.Utilitarianism is an example of this.
Deontological systems are focused on actions themselves rather than consequences. This is sometimes referred to as Kantianism (after the philosophy of Immanuel Kant). These systems suggest that there are moral rules and duties that should not be beached.
Virtue ethics focuses on being rather than doing. When faced with a moral dilemma, virtue ethics encourages people to do the right thing for the right reason. The emphasis is on moral character and what the decision says about this
What is the halo effect?
The halo effect is a cognitive bias whereby the perception of one trait is influenced by the perception of another trait. For example assuming someone with glasses is intelligent.
