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1090 > Behavioural neuroscience > Flashcards

Behavioural neuroscience Flashcards

1
Q

What is meant by behavioural neuroscience?

A

The field that relates behaviour to bodily processes, especially the workings of the brain.

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2
Q

What are the different levels of analysis?

A 
Behavioural level 
Organ level 
Neural system level 
Brain region level 
Circuit level 
Cellular level 
Synaptic level 
Molecular level
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3
Q

What do we store in neurons?

A

Research has demonstrated that we store knowledge and skills in networks of cells (neurons) in the brain.

It isn’t just the individual neurons that are important to behaviour but also the connections between them.

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4
Q

What is electrophysiology?

A

A branch of physiology that deals with the electrical phenomena associated with nervous and other bodily functions.

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5
Q

What does Single Unit Recording study?

A

Studies the electrical activity of individual neurons.

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6
Q

What does Multi Unit Recording study?

A

Studies the composite electrical activity of groups of neurons (e.g. fiber pathways).

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7
Q

What does EEG study?

A

Studies the low frequency composite electrical activity of unspecified origin at select brain regions.

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8
Q

What’s do EEG, single unit and multi unit recording, record?

A

Single Unit recording records one single neuron whereas multi – unit recording records the electrical activity of groups of neurons. EEG recording records the electrical changes of populations of neurons.

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9
Q

How does single unit recording work?

A
  • Single – unit recording is the use of an electrode to record the electrophysiological activity (action potential) from a single neuron.
  • An electrode is introduced into the brain of a living animal.
  • It detects electrical activity generated by the neuron adjacent to the electrode tip
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10
Q

What is the Mirror Neuron System?

A

A group of specialised neurons that are activated both while observing and performing.

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11
Q

When is Multi Unit recording used on humans?

A

It’s very rare and is mainly used on neurological patients (Epilepsy).

Most of these patients are prescribed drugs, however in certain conditions this isn’t enough and then a surgery is required on the patient to remove the area that’s producing unusual electrical activity that causes Epilepsy.

Multi-Unit recording is used to identify what area is causing the epileptic seizure.

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12
Q

What does Electroencephalogram (EEG) measure?

A

EEG measures the activity of large numbers (populations) of neurons.

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13
Q

What do the electrodes in EEG measure?

A

Electrodes measure voltage differences at the scalp in the microvolt (μV) range

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14
Q

Is Electroencephalogram (EEG) invasive?

A

EEG is non-invasive and painless.

So it’s useful in a range of clinical applications.

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15
Q

Describe the Temporal and Spatial resolution in Electroencephalogram (EEG)

A

Excellent Temporal Resolution (approximately 1 millisecond)

Poor Spatial Resolution

(Remember - like holding a microphone over a stadium)

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16
Q

Why or when do we use EEG?

A
  • Detecting changes in brain patterns.
  • Can average several readings to obtain evoked potential.
  • Because it has excellent Temporal resolution.
  • Often used for detecting epilepsy and other brain disorders (sleep disorders).
17
Q

What does Resolution mean?

A

The extent to which a method can sample the brain’s function.

18
Q

What is Spatial Resolution?

A

The precision in the localisation of brain activity/function.

19
Q

What is Temporal Resolution?

A

The precision in the timing of brain activity/function recording.

20
Q

How do we get an Event-Related Potential from EEG?

A
  • Large background oscillations of the EEG trace make it impossible to detect the evoked response from a single trial.
  • By averaging from hundreds of trials, the background EEG is removed leaving Event-Related Potentials (ERPs).
21
Q

What is an Event-Related Potential?

A

ERP is the measured brain response that is the direct result of a specific sensory, cognitive, or motor event.

22
Q

Is Single Unit Recording Invasive?

A

Yes - useful in animal models.

23
Q

What is the Spatial and Temporal resolution in Single Unit Recording like?

A

Both the Spatial and Temporal Resolution are very high in Single Unit Recording.

24
Q

How does Neuroimaging such as fMRI work?

A
  • Neural activity consumes oxygen as well as generating electrical signals
  • In order to compensate for increased oxygen consumption, more blood is pumped into the active region
  • fMRI measures the blood oxygenation
25
Q

What is the Spatial and Temporal Resolution like in fMRI?

A

The Spatial Resolution is OK

The Temporal Resolution is LOW as it takes several seconds.

26
Q

What is Regional CBF and how is this related to Neuroimaging?

A

Regional Cerebral Blood Flow is defined as the amount of blood flow to a specific region of the brain in a given time.

Neuroimaging is based on the blood flow that’s changing into the brain.

27
Q

Why do we need changes in blood flow?

A
  • The brain consumes about 20% of energy of body
  • The brain receives about 20% of blood flow
  • Neural activity increases global blood flow marginally, but dramatically locally (up to 25% change!)
28
Q

What does fMRI stand for?

A

functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging

29
Q

What is the BOLD response?

A

fMRI measures local blood flow, it measures the concentration of deoxyhaemoglobin in the blood. This is called the BOLD response (Blood Oxygen Level Dependent contrast).

30
Q

What is the haemodynamic response function?

A

The change in BOLD response over time is called the haemodynamic response function and it has a number of distinct phases.

The haemodynamic response function peaks in 6-8 seconds and so this is the temporal resolution of fMRI - Very Poor

31
Q

What does fMRI require?

A

A strong magnetic field

32
Q

Why does the BOLD signal increase?

- fMRI Mechanism

A
  • Increased Neural Activity in the brain
  • Increased blood flow
  • More deoxygenated blood and less oxygenated blood
  • Deoxyhemoglobin/ Oxyhemoglobin imbalance
  • Increased BOLD signal
33
Q

What is neural activity and describe different behaviour we can measure.

A

Neural activity correlates to behaviour and cognition.

We can measure lots of different behaviour: sensory processing, motor control, decision making, object recognition, emotions, learning, sleeping etc.

34
Q

What does it mean when a brain region is active and why is it important to choose appropriate conditions?

A
  • In order to infer a function we compare relative differences in brain activity between two or more conditions
  • A region is ‘active’ if it shows a greater response in one condition relative to another
  • If the experimenter chooses inappropriate conditions the regions of activity will be meaningless (junk in, junk out) – functional imaging isn’t straightforward
35
Q

Is fMRI a direct measure of neural activity?

A

It is NOT a direct measure of neural activity.
It is related to neural activity but the precise link between Cerebral Blood Flow (CBF) and neural activity is not yet known.

36
Q

What two techniques can we combine to increase Spatio-Temporal Resolution?

A

EEG and fMRI

1090 (10 decks)

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