Behaviour Modification

Question 1

Behaviour Modification

Answer 1

1) The behaviourist approach proposes that all behaviour is learned - and therefore it should be possible to unlearn behaviour using the same principles.

2) Behaviour modification programmes reinforce obedient behaviour whilst punishing disobedience.

Question 2

Token Economy

Answer 2

Based on operant conditioning - desirable inmate behaviours are rewarded (reinforced) with tokens.

1) Desirable behaviours might include avoiding confrontation, being quiet in the cell, following rules.
Tokens may also be removed = punishment.

2) Tokens can be exchanged for something desirable (primary reinforcer).
Primary reinforcers = a phone call to a loved one, time in the gym, extra cigarettes or food.

Question 3

Rules for TE

Answer 3

1) The ‘good’ behaviour that the prison wants inmates to have must be clearly defined (operationialised).
2) Inmates must be told specifically the reasons behind receiving tokens.
3) The amount of tokens received for particular behaviours must also be clearly addressed.

Question 4

Staff Training

Answer 4

Prison staff receive full training.

Aim is to standardise procedures - so all prison staff reward the same behaviours.

Keep record of what tokens awarded so progress of individual prisoners can be assessed.

Question 5

Strength of Behaviour Mod

Answer 5

RESEARCH SUPPORT

Hobbs and Holt (1976) studied young offenders, those taking part in a token economy programme showed more positive behaviours.

Field et al. (2004) found some young offenders didn’t respond but did if rewards were more immediate, frequent and positive.

–> This suggests that token economy
systems do work.

Question 6

Strength of Behaviour Mod

Answer 6

EASY TO IMPLEMENT// COST EFFECTIVE

Behaviour modification does not need a specialist professional involved, whereas this is true for other forms of treatment (e.g. anger management).

Token economy systems can be designed and implemented by anyone. They are cost- effective and easy to follow once methods
have been established.

This suggests that behaviour modification techniques can be established in most
prisons and accessed by most prisoners.

Question 7

Limitation of Behaviour Mod

Answer 7

LITTLE REHABILITATIVE VALUE

Some treatments (e.g.anger management)
are longer lasting because they involve
understanding causes of, and taking responsibility for, own behaviour.

In contrast, offenders can play along with a
token economy system to access rewards, but this produces little change in their overall character.

–> This may explain why, once the token economy is discontinued, an offender may quickly regress back to their former behaviour.