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Psych 102 > Behaviour Disorders (BDOs) > Flashcards

Behaviour Disorders (BDOs) Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the 4 Conceptions of ABNORMALITY?

A

1) Statistical frequency

2) Deviation from social norms of acceptable behaviour (changes w/ culture and time)

3) Maladaptiveness to behaviour - Dysfunctional (does it affect the well-being of those affected or of people with whom they interact? - Anorexia, suicidal)

4) Personal Distress - people w/ BDOs, especially left untreated, re often miserable. Subjective sense of distress may be only symptom of abnormality - otherwise they seem fine.

All criteria should be assessed to determine abnormality

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2
Q

Schizophrenia diagnoses steps?

A

> Person presents w/ symptoms similar to others w/ the DO
Shows itself in late teens
Meds must be taken consistently

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3
Q

Normal?

A

General Well-being

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4
Q

Steps of Psychodiagnoses?

A

> Describe DO and its symptomology
Give a prognosis (will DO get better or worse)
Suggest appropriate treatment
Stimulate Etiological Research and facilitate communication b/w professionals

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5
Q

Etiology meaning?

A

Where from/ what causes

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6
Q

What is Institutionalization?

A

Major problem for those in mental hospitals
- Once they get out they relapse extremely quickly (60% w/in a week) and end up back inside, sometimes on purpose (the institution becomes all they know.

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7
Q

What is the DSM and what info does it provide?

A

Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5 = 5th edition)
> has specific categories for different DOs
> 350 DOs in manual
> Categories of DOs
- Schizophrenia spectrum
- Phobias and General Anxiety DOs (GADs)
- OCD/ related DOs

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8
Q

Why an increase in DOs?

A
  • More research to better understand and define DOs
  • Increased strength of lobbying groups (big Pharma companies) - want more BDOs to be recognized (for $)
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9
Q

Issues w/ the DSM-5?

A
  • Unreliability in psychodiagnoses
  • DO definitions and diagnostic criteria can fail to represent empirical findings
  • Major overlap b/w DOs - hard to differentiate
  • Does not tell you how to treat the DO
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10
Q

ADHD Diagnoses?

A
  • Dramatic increases
  • boys are 3x more likely to be diagnosed
  • Can be just general behaviour problems from being in new situations
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11
Q

What is Comorbidity?

A

> when 2 or more DOs are present at once (anxiety and depression)
Rule of 50% - half of people who meet criteria for 1 DO will meet criteria fro another (half will meet criteria for a third)

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12
Q

Best steps for using the DSM-5

A

> After extensive evaluation, clinician diagnoses DO
DSM provides specific diagnoses
DSM provides known info about DO (facts, vulnerabilities, commonality)

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13
Q

Personality and DOs?

A
  • Neuroticism is a risk factor for many DOs
  • Low agreeableness is associated w/ PDOs
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14
Q

Psych DO facts?

A
  • Mental health illness affects 1 in 5 Canadians
  • Nearly 50% of North Americans between 15 and 54 will experience a psych DO in lifetime
  • Anti - Anxiety/ depression drugs are some of the most commonly prescribed
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15
Q

DSM DO Categories?

A

> Anxiety DOs
Mood DOs
SOmatic symptom DOs
Dissociative DOs
Schizophrenic DOs

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16
Q

What is Trephination?

A

The cutting of holes in the skull to release an evil spirit that caused abnormal behaviour

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17
Q

Vulnerability - Stress Model?

A

Everyone has a degree of vulnerability towards developing a Psych DO given sufficient stress
- Vulnerabilities = genetics, biologic factors, low social support
- Stressors = economic adversity, environmental trauma, interpersonal stresses/ losses

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18
Q

Reliability vs Validity?

A

R = clinicians using the system should show high levels of agreement in diagnostic decisions

V = Diagnostic categories accurately capture the essential features of the various DOs

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19
Q

European classification system?

A

International Statistical Classification of Diseases (ICD)

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20
Q

6 Dimensions of disordered personality?

A

> Negative emotionality
Schizotypy
Disinhibition
Introversion
Antagonism
Compulsivity

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21
Q

Issues w/ Diagnostic Labelling?

A
  • Those w/ labels are stigmatized
  • People male assumptions - less likely t be able to rent apartment or find job
  • 20% of Canadians will receive a label
  • Label begins to describe the person not the behaviour.
  • Rosenhan study found it very hard for people to accurately label people as sane or insane
  • Mental status based on Competency and Insanity (C = state of mind at judicial hearing… I = state of mind at time of crime)
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22
Q

4 Components/ Responses of Anxiety DOs?

A

1) Subjective-Emotional > feelings of tension/ apprehension

2) Cognitive > worry, feel an inability to cope

3) Physiological > High HR/ BP/ BR, msc tension, nausea,

4) Behavioural > avoidance of feared situations, impaired task performance

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23
Q

DOs included under Anxiety DOs according to the DSM-5?

A

-Phobic DOs, GADs, Panic DOs, PTSD, Social anxiety

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24
Q

Most prevalent (new and previously existing cases) psych DO?

A

Anxiety DOs
- 18.6% of NAs
- 34% for indigenous people
- 16% for women (in Canada)
- 9% for men in Canada
- 34% of performers have have performance anxiety

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25
Q

Normal Anxiety vs ADOs?

A

Normal = get over it pretty quickly

ADOs = don’t get over it - persistent, intense, distressing
- also ADOs have physiological correlation

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26
Q

What is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)?

A
  • Most common social phobia
  • Fear of social interaction
  • los social skills
  • Exaggerated fear of embarrassing self in public
  • Prevalent in 8% of people
  • Start in late adolescents
  • Become chronic if not treated
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27
Q

3 main Phobic DOs?

A
  • Simple phobias (specific to objects or situations)
  • Agoraphobia (fear of open/ public spaces)
  • Social Phobias - most common is Social Anxiety Disorder (SAD)
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28
Q

What is General Anxiety Disorder (GAD)

A

> Slow/ steady IV drip of worry
General/ Free Floating anxiety not caused by one particular thing/ situation
Anxious about many/ most things
Often high in neuroticism
Uptight, nervous
Anticipate the worst
Shows phys signs of anxiety/ stress

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29
Q

What are Panic DOs?

A

> Often in response to specific situation
Intense and minutes long
Anxiety and its physiological symptoms are present
So unpredictable/ scary that many avoid all situations where they might occur

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30
Q

Describe Obsessive Compulsive Dosorder (OCD)?

A

> Persistent/ intrusive thoughts that you can’t control
Extremely anxiety provoking leading to compulsion
Compulsion = near irresistible urge to do something in order to reduce anxiety
Anxiety is only reduced temporarily
Usually in late teens/ early 20s
Prevalence = 2-4%
Howie Mandell, Leonardo Dicaprio
High activity in frontal lobe = more stimulation noticed and considered threatening

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31
Q

Difference b/w Anxiety and Depression?

A

Anxiety > More likely to have intense physiological arousal

Depression > Characterized more by a sense of hopelessness and an absence of pleasure

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32
Q

Etiology of Anxiety DOs?

A

> Huge biological factors
- Twin studies show some genetic predisposition to ADOs
Biological sensitivity - greater awareness of anxiety reactions > linked to over arousal of brain areas involved w/ impulse control and habitual behaviour, focusing and directing attention
Those high in neuroticism over-interpret stimuli as anxiety provaoking

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33
Q

Drugs that help with ADOs/ OCD?

A

Drugs that inhibit the release of Serotonin tend to be effective in decreasing ADOs

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34
Q

What are Mood DOs?

A
  • 2nd most common psych DO
  • High comorbidity w/ anxiety DOs
  • Don’t get over moments of low moods
  • Some are episodic (short time)
  • Periods of feeling ok are overwhelmed by feelings of depression
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35
Q

2 Types of Mood DOs?

A

Depressive DOs

Bipolar DOs (manic depression)

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36
Q

Bipolar DO?

A

Alternating periods of extreme elation and serious depression
- Prevalence = 1-7%

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37
Q

4 Symptoms that Characterize Depression?

A

1) EMOTIONAL > overwhelming sadness/ despair, hopeless outlook, loss of pleasure

2) COGNITIVE > Suuuper negative self evaluation, think the people feel the same towards them, poor concentration/ memory

3) MOTIVATIONAL > Struggle to push themselves to do things, not very excited about anything

4) PHYSICAL > Changes in sleep/ appetite, general fatigue, random ches/ pains

38
Q

Requirements for clinical diagnoses of Depression?

A
  • Don’t need all 4 factors but the more they have/ the more intense they are = more likely they are clinically depressed
  • Symptoms continue for more than 2 weeks
  • Symptoms are constant
  • Affects day to day functioning
39
Q

2 Depression Diagnostic Methods?

A

MMIP >

Beck Depression Inventory > correlation of .60 - .90 w/ depression

40
Q

Vulnerabilities and prevalence of depression?

A

> 2-3x more likely to be diagnosed in women

> Major D tends to begin in adulthood
- w/ age comes experience of world (good and bad)
- W/ age, predisposed psych factors (personality - neuroticism, cynical outlook) become more engrained in us

> Lifetime prevalence = 7-17%

41
Q

Best way to treat depression?

A

Cognitive Behavioural Therapy

42
Q

What are the Biological Factors of Depression?

A

> Twin studies - fraternal = 11-17% both have depression, Identical = 40-67%

> Biochemical abnormality - Issues w/ neurotransmitter (norepinephrine & serotonin) receptors being under or over sensitive

> Under active prefrontal cortex (not great at processing + stimuli)

> Communication breakdown b/w Amygdala (threat/ danger signals) and the Prefrontal Cortex (should send amygdala signals when danger is passed). If PFC doesn’t send signals, leads to continued warning signals and lots of fear/ depression

43
Q

COGNITIVE FACTORS (Distortions) of DEPRESSION?

A

> Involves Distorted interpretation/ attributional tendencies

> Beck - The COGNITIVE TRIAD = Negative beliefs about - Self, Present Experience, and the Future

> Cognitive distortions are the opposite of defence mechanisms - make life harder to deal with

> Beck - negative view of self formed quite early through interpersonal relationships involving rejection, criticism, tragedy

> Negative views/ experiences tend to be reactivated by similar experiences

44
Q

4 Components of Cognitive Distortions?

A

Magnification > small mishaps are seen as a really big deal

Minimization > minimize/ discredit the importance of a positive event

Overgeneralization > make a sweeping conclusion based on one event

Self-Perpetuating > negative self-evaluation, what happens is distorted to fit inside negative self-view

45
Q

What is a Schema?

A

> An organized knowledge structure about an entity

46
Q

How does Depression affect schemas?

A
  • Those diagnosed have depressive self-schemas > negative qualities (no good, failure, useless)
  • Info from intrapersonal world is distorted to fit schemas (others thoughts towards them)
47
Q

How do Pessimistic Cognitive STYLES affect Depression (Seligman et al.)?

A
  • They make internal, self-defeating attributions
  • This style makes people more vulnerable to depression and those with depression tend to have this style.
  • Negative cognitive style predicts depression (1st year students w/ negative cog style more likely to become depressed by 3rd/ 4th year)
47
Q

Effects of Depression on memory and recall?

A

> Have better memories for negative things rather than positive things
Have a harder time recalling positive themes from stories
Recall more bad memories faster

48
Q

Characteristics of Personality DOs?

A

> Longstanding/ deeply imbedded personality traits

> Maladaptive ways of thinking, feeling, behaving

> Hard to change b/c personality is relatively stable in normal and abnormal personalities

> Inflexible and extreme levels of the Big 5 personalities

E.g. > PDO w/ extraversion = off the charts extraversion, always want to be centre of attention, not situationally flexible, overdramatic, self-centred

49
Q

Prevalence of PDOs?

A

7-15%

4x more likely in women

50
Q

Borderline PDO characteristics?

A
  • History of instability and impulsivity in relationships
  • identity instability
  • verbally aggressive
  • Don’t see self a having problem
51
Q

2 potential Treatments for BPDOs?

A

People are very resistant to treatment

> Anti-depressant drugs - serotonin related

> DIALECTICAL TREATMENT - Improve interpersonal skills, stress tolerance, and emotional regulation

52
Q

Affects of inhibitory GABA on anxiety?

A

Low levels of inhibitory GABA in arousal areas may cause people to have highly reactive NSs that produce anxiety responses quickly

53
Q

What is Freud’s Neurotic Anxiety?

A

Occurs when unacceptable impulses threaten to overwhelm the Ego’s defences and explode into action

53
Q

Causes of anorexia and bulimia?

A

> Cultural factors - thin = beautiful
Personality factors - perfectionists
Family pressures
Low impulse control
Reduce depression/ anxiety
Genetic predisposition
Low leptin from decreased fat mass
Insensitivity to stomach acid after a while

54
Q

What is Chronic Depressive DO?

A

Has less dramatic effects on personal/ occupational functioning than major depression but can last a long time

55
Q

3 Possibilities after suffering major depression?

A

50% - depression will recur

40% - depression will never recur after recovery

10% - no recovery - Chronic Depression

56
Q

What is the BAS?

A

Behaviour Activating System
- extraversion
- reward oriented by cues that predict future pleasure
- Low BAS can = depression

57
Q

What is BIS?

A

Behaviour Inhibition System
- neuroticism
- pain avoidant, generates fear/ anxiety
- high sensitivity can = depression

58
Q

Theory on how neurotransmitters affect motivation?

A

> Considers Depression as a disorder of motivation caused by under activity in some NTs (dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin).

> These NTs are involved w/ the BAS and play role in reward/ pleasure so low levels can lead to decreased pleasure/ motivation = depression

59
Q

How can traumatic losses/ rejection cause depression

A

Can lead to vulnerability to depression by triggering a grieving/ rage process that become part of ones personality

60
Q

What is Learned Helplessness Theory?

A

Depression occurs when people expect bad events to occur and believe there is nothing they can do to stop them/ cope

61
Q

What is a Depressive Attributional Pattern?

A

Taking no credit for success and blaming oneself for all failures increases/ maintains low self-esteem/ worthlessness

62
Q

Pain disorders?

A

People experience intense pain that is out of proportion for their condition or for which no cause can be found

63
Q

What are Somatic Symptom DOs?

A

Physical complaints or disabilities that suggest a medical problem but have no known biological cause

64
Q

What is Functional Neurological Symptom DO (conversion DO)?

A

Serious neurological symptoms paralysis, blindness, loss of sensation) occur with no known cause.

65
Q

Dissociative DOs?

A

Involve a breakdown of normal memory integration resulting in significant alterations to memory or identity

66
Q

What is Dissociative Fugue?

A

Person loses all sense of personal identity and gives up normal life, moves away and creates new identity
Triggered by trauma

67
Q

What is Dissociative Amnesia?

A

Person responds to a stressful event in their life with extensive but selective memory loss

68
Q

What is Dissociative Identity DO (DID)?

A

Multiple personality DO
- 2 or more separate personalities coexist in the same person
- develop in response to severe stress/ abuse in early childhood

69
Q

Characteristics of Schizophrenia disorder and its meaning?

A

> Severe disturbances in thinking, speaking, perception, emotion, behaviour
Misinterpretation of reality
Low interaction w/ others
Communication is strange/ inappropriate
DELUSIONS
Hallucinations
Movement issues

> Means Split Mind (a split/ break from reality)

70
Q

Prevalence of Schizophrenia?

A
  • About 1% of Canadians
  • Onset bw 15-35 y/o
  • Requires hospitalization for months or years
  • People w/ this take up half the beds in mental hospitals
71
Q

What are delusions?

A

False beliefs that are sustained in the face of evidence that would normally be sufficient to destroy them

  • Delusion of persecution vs delusion of grandeur
72
Q

What are Hallucinations?

A

False perceptions that have a compelling sense of reality

73
Q

3 affects of Schizophrenia?

A

Blunt effect (very little emotion)
Flat affect (no emotion)
Inappropriate affect (backwards emotions)

74
Q

What is Catatonic Schizophrenia?

A

Striking motor disturbances from muscular rigidity, random/ repetitive movements, or extreme flexibility

75
Q

Type 1 Schizophrenia?

A

Characterized by positive symptoms (added pathological extremes)
- delusions, hallucinations, disordered speech/ thinking

  • Less successful outcomes after treatment
76
Q

Type 2 Schizophrenia?

A

Characterized by negative symptoms
- Absence of normal reactions
- lack emotional expression
- loss of motivation
- loss of normal speech

  • More positive outcomes following treatment
77
Q

Genetic Predispositions to Schizophrenia?

A
  • ## Identical twins are 48% risk if the other has it
78
Q

Brain abnormalities leading to schizophrenia?

A
  • Destruction of neural tissue
  • Brain atrophy in regions responsible for cognition and emotion
  • ## Thalamus abnormalities
79
Q

Biochemical factors leading to schizophrenia?

A
  • Dopamine hypothesis > overactivity of Dopamine system that control emotion, motivation, cognition
  • have more dopamine receptors than normal and they are overreactive
  • Antipsychotic drugs help b/c they reduce dopamine activity
80
Q

Psych factors leading to schizophrenia?

A

> Freud believed it is an extreme example of the coping mechanism REGRESSION

> A retreat from an interpersonal world that has become too stressful

> Increased distractibility due to disfunctioning of attentional mechanisms.

81
Q

Environment and Sociocultural factors leading to schizophrenia?

A
  • Stressful life events
  • Family struggles
  • Early childhood trauma
  • Family environments that are high in EXPRESSED EMOTION (Criticism, hostility, over involvement)
  • Higher in low socioeconomic populations
  • Culture free DO
82
Q

What is Antisocial PDO?

A

Psychopaths
- Seem to lack a conscience
- exhibit very little guilt for their actions
- Jeffery Dahmer

83
Q

Biological Factors of Antisocial PDO?

A

Genetics
- Heritability b/w 40-50%

84
Q

Psych Factors of APDO?

A
  • Lack conscience b/c they have not developed the Super EGO which would control the impulses of the Id.
  • Caused by lack of adult role models on life.
  • Need to cognitive control to think of the consequences before acting impulsively
85
Q

ADHD?

A
86
Q

Autism Spectrum DO?

A

Unresponsiveness
Poor communication skills
REpetitive/ rigid mvms
1/44 kids
- Larger brain, abnormal cerebellum development

87
Q

Dementia?

A

The gradual loss of cognitive abilities that accompanies brain deterioration and affects normal functioning

88
Q

Alzheimer’s Disease?

A

Leading form of Dementia
- deterioration of the frontal/ temporal lobes (the hippocampus)
-

Psych 102 (5 decks)

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