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behaviour change Flashcards

1
Q

problems with health models

A

explain the motivations behind our intentions but not how theyre translated into actions
fail to incorporate the factors which link our intentions to our behaviour

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2
Q

intention beh gap

A

past behaviour best predictor of future
but onl 20-30% beh variancce in TPB explained by our intentions
moderators exist outside of beh which influence behavioural outcome

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3
Q

learning and cog theories on beh change

A

reinforcement
incentives
CBT

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4
Q

what are goals

A

wishes/desires
may be in conflict
feel driven to achieve
vague - can vary in importance and saliency

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5
Q

what are goal intentions

gollwitzer 1999

A

specification of goal into an end point
‘i intend to do x’
demonstrate commitment towards goal
may involve plan of how to achieve given the context/environment/opportunity

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6
Q

how are goal intentions thought to be translated into actions
gollwitzer 1999

A
  1. motivational stage
    - pre decisional
    - deliberative
  2. volitional stage
    - post decisional
    - implemental
    - decision made and plan how achieve
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7
Q

what are implementation intentions

gollitzer 1999

A

explains how an intention is translated into an action
identifies the responses that will lead to goal attainment
anticipates situations which will initiate a response
specifies “where” “how” “when”
“if…then..” plans
strengthens assoc between situations and behaviours so more accessable in the context
strategic automatisation - habitual activation of oal directed beh when in a critical situation - decide between goal appropriate and inappropriate behaviours

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8
Q

webb and sheeran 2006 met

implementation intentions

A

47 RCTs on intent-beh relations
med-large intent = small-med beh outcome
intnet sig direct effect on beh but correlational and smaller than originally proposed
other factors influence

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9
Q

mitchie et al 2009 meta reg

implementation intentions

A

beh change interventions more effective when implement self reg techniques
ie intent formulation, goal setting, monitor, feedback and review

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10
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
AIM

A

implementatino intentions on reducing dietary fat intake

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11
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
METHOD

A

FFQ, TPB Q baseline and follow up
- motivations to eat low fat diet
implementation intent vs control
- free planning, as much detail as poss, specify situations

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12
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
RESULTS

A

fat and sat fat intake
% energy from fat sig reduced in implementation > control group (no change)
could not be explained by motivational differences

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13
Q

skar et al 2008

implementation intent eval

A

20-40% dont make the intentions when asked to

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14
Q

Sniehotta 2005

implementation intent eval

A

assumes no plans already made
need to differentiate spontaneous intentions and intervention plans
sponaneous plans may mediate effect because take owenership of the decision

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15
Q

implementatio intent eval

A

assumes behs to be volitional > habitual or dependent on context

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16
Q

sneihotta 2009

implementation intent eval

A

need to diferentiate action and coping
action: implementation of beh to achieve
coping: prep to manage high risk situations where cues may encourage delving into temptations
combined action and coping sig increase physical activity in post-heart attack pps than either seperately

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17
Q

reinforcement on beh change

A

change by reinfocement of the desired beh and ignore/punish of the undesired beh

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18
Q

flora 2004 reinforcement on beh change

A

reinforcement:
increases beh freq
increases beh duration
increases magnitude of actions

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19
Q

barthmouf et al 2009 reinforcement

A

foods like/dislike + pic of expresion (disgust, pleasure, neutral)
no change when expression similar to own like/dislike
eat more when dislike but pos exp
eat less when like but disgust
desire to eat dependent of food category and facial expression but mediated by baselike preference

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20
Q

barthmouf et al 2009 reinforcement eval

A

research needed on neutral food preferences and others influence
change desire to eat, not preferences which are based on ingrained well-known characteristics
BUT - starting point - more eat, more increase preference
gerrard 1996 - practice condom use increase future use and predicts cog change

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21
Q

token economy - reinforcement

ford and delahunty 2004

A

operant conditioning with decondary reinforcers

exchange tokens for prizes when engage in target beh

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22
Q

hendy et al 1995 token economy

A

kids choice school lunch progreamme
encourage fruit and veg consumption
preference increase at 2 weeks but back to baseline at 7 weeks
- TEMPORARY AND INCONSISTENT

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23
Q

kazdin 2012 token economy

A

overeating, smoking and alcohol cessation in naturalistic envuronments
strong support for succes when NATURAL

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24
Q

token economy eval

A

potential to be unethical

- forcing people to engage in health behaviours

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25
hollywood and ogden 2010 | neg reinforcement
obesity med - orlistat- reduced fat absorbtion - neg effect on bowl movements - aversive baseline to 6m - majority lose weight and show dietary improvement BUT by 6m - majority stopped using orlistat on regular, use more as flexible lifestyle drug
26
hollywood and ogden 2010 neg reinforcement beliefs results
orlistae reduce beliefs on medical treatment, increase beliefs towards beh control and the importance of diet orlistat most likely change beliefs about beh ourcomes and shifts patients toward beh management
27
hollywood and ogden 2010 neg reinforcement problems with orlistate
because of aversive side effects, cause non adgerence | BUT likely have a role in change in beliefs
28
finer 2002 neg reinforcement
antabuse - alcohol aversion - cause acid reflux
29
problems with neg reinforement via medication
can have serious health side effects antabuse: liver probs, vision loss, psychosis orlistae - liver and kidne probs, respriatory probs, rashes dependent on commitment to taking the drug
30
ogden and hills 2008 | likely factors on sig LONG TERM beh change
succes LT often not due to intervention but dignificant life events **health, relationships or milestones cause: fucntinoal change in unhealthy beh because no longer necessary/needde shift in beh model of problem in terms of their causes and their solitions ie hift to belief to beh change shift in identify facilitated by reinvention of the self
31
ogden and hills 2008 + orlistat
orlistat makes salient the problems with the diet, how can affect body because can see what it looks like aversive but significant see problems, and recognise solution not medical but behavioural percieve self as different from change in cogntiions
32
incentives on beh change
factor which motivates/encourages one towards a behaviour | ie tax in cigs motivates away from purchase to save money
33
volpp et al 2009 incentives METHOD
financial incentives on smoking cess RCT: control: info on smoking or info on smoking and financial incentives
34
volpp et al 2009 | financial incentives group:
$100 for completion of programme $250 for cessation in 6 months $400 for continued abstinence
35
volpp et al 2009 incentives FINDINGS
financial incentives sig increase cessation 12-18m after enrolment sig incease enrolment than just norm info on programmes sig increase completion and cessation 6months after
36
volpp et al 2009 | potential problems
short term - 1-2 years not long enough no more incentives once finish
37
lyangh et al 2011 | incentives
efficacy of incentive pos correlate with reward value - greater incentive mag = greater beh change efficacy increase the closer temporally the beh is to the reciept of the incentive - short term>long term changes efficacy increase when incentives focus on changing infrequent > repeatedhabitual behaviours - ie vacc + increase when incentive is a positivee > neg outcome
38
possible unintended consequences of incentivising
undermine intrinsic motivations undermine informed consent/autonomy (ethics) - ie antipsychotic med adherence may impact the patient-doctor relationship may only work best for high risk and low income individuals
39
probs with incentive research
often implemented in conjunction with other interventions so do not know exactly what is most influential and cant discern exact efficacy few long term - unlikely to encourage permanent changw
40
what is CBT | freeman 1995
cog beh therapy talking therapy which acts to challenge negative thouhts, patterns and change unwatned behaviours freeman - empahasise link between thought and feeling emphasise role of experimentation ' scientist' emphasise monitoring, updatin,g maintenance set adgenda, learn new skills, implement and assess impact
41
CBT means of beh imporvement
``` diary keeping beh induction cue exposure relaxation cog reconstruction ```
42
CBT diary
monitor self recog patterns in beh link beh with life events and feeings
43
CBT beh induction
try new or face avoided behs | give confiedence to change
44
CBT cue exposure
learn coping mechanisms in contexts when assoc with neg behs
45
CBT relaxation
relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety and deal with neg thoughts of self/life
46
CBT cog reconstruction
soratic Qs | quesiton neg thought patterns and rationality
47
marlatt and gordon 1985 CBT relapse prevention model
no lapse-lapse-relapse explanation in high risk - either coping response, increase SE and no relapse or fail to initiate coping, reduce SE and have pos expectation of outcome = lapse lapse = relapse when cognitive dissonance and internally attribute lapse to self (guilt and self blame)
48
roske et al 2008 | CBT relapse
smoking cessation post preg effective at 6m but not 1 year
49
de rubeis, seigle and hollen 2008 | CBT relapse
medication facilitates short term chemical rebalance and CBT tackles long term cog reconstruction work otgether
50
antonuccio et al 1997 | CBT relapse
depression fluoxetine drug CBT > pharmacotherapy BUT best may be both together
51
applicability of CBT
probide plan and structure to peoples lived increase likelihood carry out implementations BUT must seek change - know already that need to change beh or else may resist
52
theories on how affect can change behaviour
visualisatoin self affirmation affective attitudes fear appeals
53
visualisation on affect | cameron and chan 2009
images in health campaigns thought to be effective because they are processed more rapidly than text, theyre more memorable overtime and they are believed to sig heighten affective responses
54
ronnie et al 2014 visualisatoin method
2x3 between pps via online Q x2 = read or not read health messae info on benefits of fruit consumption x3 = visualise in third or first person of adhering to increased fruit consumption or no visualisation of self
55
ronnie et al 2014 visualisation | results
intent not increase if no health message, regardless of perspective first person sig increase intent following health mssage than either third or no perspective mediated by SE and coping plannin **but no actual beh measure **coping - in immediate situation
56
pham and taylor 1989 visualisation and studying method
visualisation of process vs outcomei simulations on studying and exan performance pprocess: what do to acieve goal outcome = achievement of goal Q baseline pre and pot exam assess work completed, mental state and grades
57
pham and taylor 1989 visualisation and studying results
process visualisation enhanced study and grades mediated by increased planning and reduced anxiety **exam outcome not best indiccator of success
58
karamanidou et al 2008 visualisation renal disease METHOD
renal disease need phosphate binding meds to avoid CHD RCT - baseline, 1m and 4m post intervention show medication work on stomach or not with psychoeducational or standard knowledge on phosphate control
59
karamanidou et al 2008 visualisation renal disease FINDINGS
visualisation immediately alter knowledge, coherence, efficacy beliefs, understanding of treatment and risk perceptions majority sustain into follow up but only 4m general understandin of treatent, knowledge and efficacy beliefs sig after **facilitate initially but need long term
60
types of affect cognitions on health behaviour
anticipated affect | affective eval
61
anticipated affect
affect expect following an event | ie anticipated regret
62
affect eval
affect experienced during an event/beh focused on hedonistic emotions and pos affect
63
godin et al 2008 affect cog | blood donations
Q aout congitions/beliefs on blood donations vs control nd subseqeunt uptake 6-12m after look at TPB variabels + anticipated regret - asking qs changes affective cognitions
64
wood et al 2014 | why does asking qs change affect cognitions
ncreased attitude accessibility may explain the QBE, extending the findings of previous research to the domain of health behaviour - make affective cognitions more salient
65
shaller and mahorta 2015 affect
experience during menopause impact HRT uptake | - hormone replacement
66
what are fear appeals | rogers 1983
persuasive messages which try to arouse fear and divert beh via emphasising impending danger or harm
67
fear arousal of fear appeals
aversive stimuli/warnings about neg outcomes assoc with behaviour to envourage preventative beh "there is a threat,, you are at risk,, the threat is serious"
68
safety condition of fear appeals
offer way of managing threat once aroused | "there is a simple and easy solution to manage your risk"
69
good and abraham 2011 fear appeals
recommendations for change are important to heighten the propensity to translate intent intp actions fear necessary to motivate message processing and advice improves percieved efficacy to carry out the intended behaviour
70
schmitt and blass 2008 anti smoking fear appeals
1. high threat - unedited lunch video 2. low threat - edited -graphics removed 3- no video control high threat increase cessation > control BUT low threat > high threat -may not need graphics - dependent on availability of saety condition
71
things to be considered in regards to threat appeals
percieved risk - not work for low risk - may change beh neg? believability/derogation - schmitt high risk derogate more because more extreme?
72
vardas et al 2009 smoking graphics fear appeal
eu graphic labels more ffective than text along and better for young adults - when habit less ingrained
73
witte and allen 2000 meta | fear appeal
strong fear appeal increase perceived severity and susceptabilkity and more persuasive than weak fear appeals motivatte adaptive danger >maladaptive fear control low efficacy increase avoidance

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