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HEALTH > behaviour change > Flashcards

behaviour change Flashcards

1
Q

problems with health models

A

explain the motivations behind our intentions but not how theyre translated into actions
fail to incorporate the factors which link our intentions to our behaviour

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2
Q

intention beh gap

A

past behaviour best predictor of future
but onl 20-30% beh variancce in TPB explained by our intentions
moderators exist outside of beh which influence behavioural outcome

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3
Q

learning and cog theories on beh change

A

reinforcement
incentives
CBT

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4
Q

what are goals

A

wishes/desires
may be in conflict
feel driven to achieve
vague - can vary in importance and saliency

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5
Q

what are goal intentions

gollwitzer 1999

A

specification of goal into an end point
‘i intend to do x’
demonstrate commitment towards goal
may involve plan of how to achieve given the context/environment/opportunity

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6
Q

how are goal intentions thought to be translated into actions
gollwitzer 1999

A
  1. motivational stage
    - pre decisional
    - deliberative
  2. volitional stage
    - post decisional
    - implemental
    - decision made and plan how achieve
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7
Q

what are implementation intentions

gollitzer 1999

A

explains how an intention is translated into an action
identifies the responses that will lead to goal attainment
anticipates situations which will initiate a response
specifies “where” “how” “when”
“if…then..” plans
strengthens assoc between situations and behaviours so more accessable in the context
strategic automatisation - habitual activation of oal directed beh when in a critical situation - decide between goal appropriate and inappropriate behaviours

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8
Q

webb and sheeran 2006 met

implementation intentions

A

47 RCTs on intent-beh relations
med-large intent = small-med beh outcome
intnet sig direct effect on beh but correlational and smaller than originally proposed
other factors influence

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9
Q

mitchie et al 2009 meta reg

implementation intentions

A

beh change interventions more effective when implement self reg techniques
ie intent formulation, goal setting, monitor, feedback and review

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10
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
AIM

A

implementatino intentions on reducing dietary fat intake

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11
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
METHOD

A

FFQ, TPB Q baseline and follow up
- motivations to eat low fat diet
implementation intent vs control
- free planning, as much detail as poss, specify situations

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12
Q

armitage 2004 RCT
implementation intentions
RESULTS

A

fat and sat fat intake
% energy from fat sig reduced in implementation > control group (no change)
could not be explained by motivational differences

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13
Q

skar et al 2008

implementation intent eval

A

20-40% dont make the intentions when asked to

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14
Q

Sniehotta 2005

implementation intent eval

A

assumes no plans already made
need to differentiate spontaneous intentions and intervention plans
sponaneous plans may mediate effect because take owenership of the decision

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15
Q

implementatio intent eval

A

assumes behs to be volitional > habitual or dependent on context

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16
Q

sneihotta 2009

implementation intent eval

A

need to diferentiate action and coping
action: implementation of beh to achieve
coping: prep to manage high risk situations where cues may encourage delving into temptations
combined action and coping sig increase physical activity in post-heart attack pps than either seperately

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17
Q

reinforcement on beh change

A

change by reinfocement of the desired beh and ignore/punish of the undesired beh

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18
Q

flora 2004 reinforcement on beh change

A

reinforcement:
increases beh freq
increases beh duration
increases magnitude of actions

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19
Q

barthmouf et al 2009 reinforcement

A

foods like/dislike + pic of expresion (disgust, pleasure, neutral)
no change when expression similar to own like/dislike
eat more when dislike but pos exp
eat less when like but disgust
desire to eat dependent of food category and facial expression but mediated by baselike preference

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20
Q

barthmouf et al 2009 reinforcement eval

A

research needed on neutral food preferences and others influence
change desire to eat, not preferences which are based on ingrained well-known characteristics
BUT - starting point - more eat, more increase preference
gerrard 1996 - practice condom use increase future use and predicts cog change

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21
Q

token economy - reinforcement

ford and delahunty 2004

A

operant conditioning with decondary reinforcers

exchange tokens for prizes when engage in target beh

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22
Q

hendy et al 1995 token economy

A

kids choice school lunch progreamme
encourage fruit and veg consumption
preference increase at 2 weeks but back to baseline at 7 weeks
- TEMPORARY AND INCONSISTENT

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23
Q

kazdin 2012 token economy

A

overeating, smoking and alcohol cessation in naturalistic envuronments
strong support for succes when NATURAL

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24
Q

token economy eval

A

potential to be unethical

- forcing people to engage in health behaviours

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25
Q

hollywood and ogden 2010

neg reinforcement

A

obesity med - orlistat- reduced fat absorbtion - neg effect on bowl movements - aversive
baseline to 6m - majority lose weight and show dietary improvement
BUT by 6m - majority stopped using orlistat on regular, use more as flexible lifestyle drug

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26
Q

hollywood and ogden 2010
neg reinforcement
beliefs results

A

orlistae reduce beliefs on medical treatment, increase beliefs towards beh control and the importance of diet
orlistat most likely change beliefs about beh ourcomes and shifts patients toward beh management

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27
Q

hollywood and ogden 2010
neg reinforcement
problems with orlistate

A

because of aversive side effects, cause non adgerence

BUT likely have a role in change in beliefs

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28
Q

finer 2002 neg reinforcement

A

antabuse - alcohol aversion - cause acid reflux

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29
Q

problems with neg reinforement via medication

A

can have serious health side effects
antabuse: liver probs, vision loss, psychosis
orlistae - liver and kidne probs, respriatory probs, rashes
dependent on commitment to taking the drug

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30
Q

ogden and hills 2008

likely factors on sig LONG TERM beh change

A

succes LT often not due to intervention but dignificant life events **health, relationships or milestones
cause:
fucntinoal change in unhealthy beh because no longer necessary/needde
shift in beh model of problem in terms of their causes and their solitions ie hift to belief to beh change
shift in identify facilitated by reinvention of the self

31
Q

ogden and hills 2008 + orlistat

A

orlistat makes salient the problems with the diet, how can affect body because can see what it looks like
aversive but significant
see problems, and recognise solution not medical but behavioural
percieve self as different from change in cogntiions

32
Q

incentives on beh change

A

factor which motivates/encourages one towards a behaviour

ie tax in cigs motivates away from purchase to save money

33
Q

volpp et al 2009
incentives
METHOD

A

financial incentives on smoking cess
RCT: control: info on smoking
or info on smoking and financial incentives

34
Q

volpp et al 2009

financial incentives group:

A

$100 for completion of programme
$250 for cessation in 6 months
$400 for continued abstinence

35
Q

volpp et al 2009
incentives
FINDINGS

A

financial incentives sig increase cessation 12-18m after enrolment
sig incease enrolment than just norm info on programmes
sig increase completion and cessation 6months after

36
Q

volpp et al 2009

potential problems

A

short term
- 1-2 years not long enough
no more incentives once finish

37
Q

lyangh et al 2011

incentives

A

efficacy of incentive pos correlate with reward value
- greater incentive mag = greater beh change
efficacy increase the closer temporally the beh is to the reciept of the incentive
- short term>long term changes
efficacy increase when incentives focus on changing infrequent > repeatedhabitual behaviours
- ie vacc
+ increase when incentive is a positivee > neg outcome

38
Q

possible unintended consequences of incentivising

A

undermine intrinsic motivations
undermine informed consent/autonomy (ethics) - ie antipsychotic med adherence
may impact the patient-doctor relationship

may only work best for high risk and low income individuals

39
Q

probs with incentive research

A

often implemented in conjunction with other interventions so do not know exactly what is most influential and cant discern exact efficacy
few long term - unlikely to encourage permanent changw

40
Q

what is CBT

freeman 1995

A

cog beh therapy
talking therapy which acts to challenge negative thouhts, patterns and change unwatned behaviours
freeman -
empahasise link between thought and feeling
emphasise role of experimentation ‘ scientist’
emphasise monitoring, updatin,g maintenance
set adgenda, learn new skills, implement and assess impact

41
Q

CBT means of beh imporvement

A 
diary keeping
beh induction
cue exposure
relaxation
cog reconstruction
42
Q

CBT diary

A

monitor self
recog patterns in beh
link beh with life events and feeings

43
Q

CBT beh induction

A

try new or face avoided behs

give confiedence to change

44
Q

CBT cue exposure

A

learn coping mechanisms in contexts when assoc with neg behs

45
Q

CBT relaxation

A

relaxation techniques to reduce anxiety and deal with neg thoughts of self/life

46
Q

CBT cog reconstruction

A

soratic Qs

quesiton neg thought patterns and rationality

47
Q

marlatt and gordon 1985 CBT relapse prevention model

A

no lapse-lapse-relapse explanation
in high risk - either coping response, increase SE and no relapse or
fail to initiate coping, reduce SE and have pos expectation of outcome = lapse
lapse = relapse when cognitive dissonance and internally attribute lapse to self (guilt and self blame)

48
Q

roske et al 2008

CBT relapse

A

smoking cessation post preg effective at 6m but not 1 year

49
Q

de rubeis, seigle and hollen 2008

CBT relapse

A

medication facilitates short term chemical rebalance and CBT tackles long term cog reconstruction
work otgether

50
Q

antonuccio et al 1997

CBT relapse

A

depression fluoxetine drug
CBT > pharmacotherapy
BUT
best may be both together

51
Q

applicability of CBT

A

probide plan and structure to peoples lived
increase likelihood carry out implementations
BUT must seek change - know already that need to change beh or else may resist

52
Q

theories on how affect can change behaviour

A

visualisatoin
self affirmation
affective attitudes
fear appeals

53
Q

visualisation on affect

cameron and chan 2009

A

images in health campaigns thought to be effective because they are processed more rapidly than text, theyre more memorable overtime and they are believed to sig heighten affective responses

54
Q

ronnie et al 2014
visualisatoin
method

A

2x3 between pps via online Q
x2 = read or not read health messae info on benefits of fruit consumption
x3 = visualise in third or first person of adhering to increased fruit consumption or no visualisation of self

55
Q

ronnie et al 2014 visualisation

results

A

intent not increase if no health message, regardless of perspective
first person sig increase intent following health mssage than either third or no perspective
mediated by SE and coping plannin
**but no actual beh measure
**coping - in immediate situation

56
Q

pham and taylor 1989
visualisation and studying
method

A

visualisation of process vs outcomei simulations on studying and exan performance
pprocess: what do to acieve goal
outcome = achievement of goal
Q baseline pre and pot exam
assess work completed, mental state and grades

57
Q

pham and taylor 1989
visualisation and studying
results

A

process visualisation enhanced study and grades
mediated by increased planning and reduced anxiety
**exam outcome not best indiccator of success

58
Q

karamanidou et al 2008
visualisation
renal disease METHOD

A

renal disease need phosphate binding meds to avoid CHD
RCT - baseline, 1m and 4m post intervention
show medication work on stomach or not with psychoeducational or standard knowledge on phosphate control

59
Q

karamanidou et al 2008
visualisation
renal disease
FINDINGS

A

visualisation immediately alter knowledge, coherence, efficacy beliefs, understanding of treatment and risk perceptions
majority sustain into follow up but only 4m
general understandin of treatent, knowledge and efficacy beliefs sig after
**facilitate initially but need long term

60
Q

types of affect cognitions on health behaviour

A

anticipated affect

affective eval

61
Q

anticipated affect

A

affect expect following an event

ie anticipated regret

62
Q

affect eval

A

affect experienced during an event/beh focused on hedonistic emotions and pos affect

63
Q

godin et al 2008 affect cog

blood donations

A

Q aout congitions/beliefs on blood donations vs control
nd subseqeunt uptake 6-12m after
look at TPB variabels + anticipated regret
- asking qs changes affective cognitions

64
Q

wood et al 2014

why does asking qs change affect cognitions

A

ncreased attitude accessibility
may explain the QBE, extending the findings of previous research to the
domain of health behaviour
- make affective cognitions more salient

65
Q

shaller and mahorta 2015 affect

A

experience during menopause impact HRT uptake

- hormone replacement

66
Q

what are fear appeals

rogers 1983

A

persuasive messages which try to arouse fear and divert beh via emphasising impending danger or harm

67
Q

fear arousal of fear appeals

A

aversive stimuli/warnings about neg outcomes assoc with behaviour to envourage preventative beh
“there is a threat,, you are at risk,, the threat is serious”

68
Q

safety condition of fear appeals

A

offer way of managing threat once aroused

“there is a simple and easy solution to manage your risk”

69
Q

good and abraham 2011 fear appeals

A

recommendations for change are important to heighten the propensity to translate intent intp actions
fear necessary to motivate message processing and advice improves percieved efficacy to carry out the intended behaviour

70
Q

schmitt and blass 2008 anti smoking fear appeals

A
  1. high threat - unedited lunch video
  2. low threat - edited -graphics removed
    3- no video control
    high threat increase cessation > control
    BUT low threat > high threat
    -may not need graphics
    - dependent on availability of saety condition
71
Q

things to be considered in regards to threat appeals

A

percieved risk
- not work for low risk - may change beh neg?
believability/derogation - schmitt high risk derogate more because more extreme?

72
Q

vardas et al 2009
smoking graphics
fear appeal

A

eu graphic labels more ffective than text along and better for young adults - when habit less ingrained

73
Q

witte and allen 2000 meta

fear appeal

A

strong fear appeal increase perceived severity and susceptabilkity and more persuasive than weak fear appeals

motivatte adaptive danger >maladaptive fear control

low efficacy increase avoidance

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