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addiction Flashcards

1
Q

17th century disease models

A

lack of moral fibre
alcohol held in high esteem
people held accountable for behaviour - free choice and responsibility
punished not treated

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2
Q

19th century disease models

A

biomedical approach

alcohol destructive and evil

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3
Q

20th century disease models

A

alcohol only a problem for those who drink in excess and become addicted
excess linked to physical/psych abnormalities and an acquired dependency
irreversible - treatment via abstinence

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4
Q

addiction as discrete entities

A

either alcoholic or not

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5
Q

problem with disease model

abstinence

A

unrealistic

prone to fail

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6
Q

problem with disease model

relapse

A

not considered
all or nothing
liable to self fulfilling prophecy

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7
Q

davies and sobel (1970) alt to abstinence

A

treat via controlled drinking
can return to normal levels
LEARN

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8
Q

social learning approach to addiction

A

volkow 2016
not everyone becomes addicted
susceptibility based on genetic, environ, + dev vulnerabilities
addictions are habits - can relearn

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9
Q

who gets addicted

A

only around 10% of those exposed to a drug become addicted with the most severe characteristics

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10
Q

cog processes of addiction involved in SLT

A 
attributions
intent
self esteem
self efficacy
control
coping mechanisms
anticipated regret
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11
Q

classical conditioning paradigm

A

associations of drugs with being social ie alcohol

associations with the context/atmosphere

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12
Q

operant conditioning paradigm

A

pos rienforcement from the drug itself
pos rienforcement socially
neg rienforcement socially - easier
neg rienforce with the drug - remove withdrawal

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13
Q

observational learning/modelling

A

watching sig others perform the beh

more likely to acquire the beh ourselves

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14
Q

lader and matheson 1991

modelling

A

child x2 more likely smoke if parent does

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15
Q

mixing the SLT and disease models

A

disease models explain how we get addicted and build tolerance/withdrawal
- bioloogical
- role of corticostriatal reward circuitry and habit learning
BUT can explain what makes people try the drug in the first place

SLT - why people try and why people continue initially

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16
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

AIM

A

role of psychosocial variables in adolescent smoking

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17
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

method

A

BL and 6m
UK comprehensive school children
13-14/o
Q on TPB variables, inentions to smoke, current likelihood and external variables

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18
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

external variables

A 
parental support
age
ses
personality
sex
ethnicity
income
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19
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
PREVALENCE AFTER 6M

A

reduce if never tried

increase if tried or smoked at baseline

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20
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
INTENT VARIABLES

A 
pos attitude to smoking 
- predicted by reduced parental support, lower ses
percieved ease to smoke
- easier to smoke, harder to refuse
lower PBC
more injunctive norms (approval)
more sisters smoke
more females
21
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
SMOKING VARIABLES

A 
lower SES
lower self esteem
extravert 
- first 3 only sig when control for past beh 
higher intent
higher ease
more descriptive norms (Friends smoke) 
more % brothers smoke
22
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

RESULTS

A

intent predict future
- mediate att, subj norms and pbc

extraversion and SE direct influence

gender via PBC and intent

lower SES via more pos attitude to smoke and reduced parental control

health not play a role

23
Q

Mugraff et al 1999

AIM

A

PMT on risky one off drinking binge behaviours

24
Q

mugraff et al 1999

method

A

psyh undergrads BL and 2 weeks
info on direct/indirect consequences of drinking
PMT Q, intent, past and self report at follow up

25
Q

mugraff et al 1999

results - intent

A

lower percieved severity of consequences assoc with binge drinking
higher self efficacy to overcome consequences
past behaviour

26
Q

mugraff et al 1999

results - binging

A

role of past only sig -

27
Q

stages of subsrance use

A

initiation + maintenance
cessation
relapse

28
Q

beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance

A

susceptibility
seriousness
costs/benefits
expectancies

29
Q

beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance

lewten 2009

A

affective attitudes impact likelihood to try/maintian regardless of intent

30
Q

beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance

wilson and abraham 2004

A

sig role of self efficacy and percieved ease

31
Q

beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance
cappell and freely
expectancies of alcohol

A

reduces tension and anciety
tension-reduction hyp
more likely to drink freq and to a great extent if believe so
- drink more because expect effects to continue not change

32
Q

beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance
chassin 1990
smoking initiation

A

majority of LT smokers start at childhood

people rarel beigin arouns 19-20y/o or maintain the habit

33
Q

social factors on initiation and maintenance

associations of smoking/alc

A

assoc with fun/pleasure

social links - expect to help self or to make situations better

34
Q

social factors on initiation and maintenance
murray 2011
negative parental attitudes

A

if parents have strong neg attitudes towards smoking

7x less likely to smoke

35
Q

social factors on initiation and maintenance
johnston and write
role of peers

A

social norms strongly influence drinking behaviours

especiall when strongly identify with the social group

36
Q

social factors on initiation and maintenance

marken 2011

A

smoking can be influences by an array of people around us
not just close others
acquaintances also have an influence

37
Q

social factors on initiation and maintenance

A

parents/family
peers
culture//society

38
Q

cessation

transtheoretical stages of change

A 
precontemplation
contemplation
preparation
action 
maintenance
39
Q

cessation
transtheoretical stages of change
revolving door

A

the stages are not set in stone
can switch back and forth
involved a gradual progression

40
Q

cassation
vik et al 1999
aim

A

look at motives to reduce alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers

41
Q

cassation
vik et al 1999
method

A

cross sectional
undergrades
>1 binge in last 3month

demographis, substance us, stages of change Q, consequences and expectancies of alc

42
Q

cassation
vik et al 1999
resilts

A

2/3 NOT recognise the need to cut down

contemplation stage more likely to drink and more likely to experience neg consequences i tolerance,, trouble with authorities

43
Q

cassation

west 2004

A

cessation can be unplanned
dont need stages - not everyone goes through them

49% atempt unplanned and of these, 65% unplanned chnages last > 6m

44
Q

cassation

dicamente 1991

A

pre vs contemplating (quit in 6m) vs prep (quit in 30d) behs

prep more likely to intend to quit, make more attempts to quit and more likely to have quit at follow up

45
Q

relapse prevention model

marlatt and gordon 1985

A

marlatt and gordon 1985

46
Q

stages of the relapse prevention model

marlatt and gordon 1985

A

high risk situation - coping - higher se - no relapse

– no coping – lower se + higher pos expectancy – lapse – abstinence of volition effect – relapse

47
Q

stages of the relapse prevention model
marlatt and gordon 1985
high risk situation

A

serve as an immediate precipitator of relapse after abstinence
poses a threat to self control
brings about the auto pos/neg assoc

ie situation, emotional states, direct/indirect social pressue

48
Q

stages of the relapse prevention model
marlatt and gordon 1985
outcome expectancies

A

assoc with alcohol to alleviating neg or bringing about pos

may be particularly high when not use proper coping mechanisms

corey 1995 - students who drink have higher pos expectation and discount potential neg

49
Q

stages of the relapse prevention model
marlatt and gordon 1985
abstinence of volition effect

A

lapse increases risk of relapse
induces an emotional response which causally attribute to the lapse
if blame on self - guilt
more likely to lead to relapse

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