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addiction Flashcards

1
Q

17th century disease models

A

lack of moral fibre
alcohol held in high esteem
people held accountable for behaviour - free choice and responsibility
punished not treated

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2
Q

19th century disease models

A

biomedical approach

alcohol destructive and evil

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3
Q

20th century disease models

A

alcohol only a problem for those who drink in excess and become addicted
excess linked to physical/psych abnormalities and an acquired dependency
irreversible - treatment via abstinence

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4
Q

addiction as discrete entities

A

either alcoholic or not

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5
Q

problem with disease model

abstinence

A

unrealistic

prone to fail

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6
Q

problem with disease model

relapse

A

not considered
all or nothing
liable to self fulfilling prophecy

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7
Q

davies and sobel (1970) alt to abstinence

A

treat via controlled drinking
can return to normal levels
LEARN

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8
Q

social learning approach to addiction

A

volkow 2016
not everyone becomes addicted
susceptibility based on genetic, environ, + dev vulnerabilities
addictions are habits - can relearn

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9
Q

who gets addicted

A

only around 10% of those exposed to a drug become addicted with the most severe characteristics

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10
Q

cog processes of addiction involved in SLT

A 
attributions
intent
self esteem
self efficacy
control
coping mechanisms
anticipated regret
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11
Q

classical conditioning paradigm

A

associations of drugs with being social ie alcohol

associations with the context/atmosphere

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12
Q

operant conditioning paradigm

A

pos rienforcement from the drug itself
pos rienforcement socially
neg rienforcement socially - easier
neg rienforce with the drug - remove withdrawal

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13
Q

observational learning/modelling

A

watching sig others perform the beh

more likely to acquire the beh ourselves

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14
Q

lader and matheson 1991

modelling

A

child x2 more likely smoke if parent does

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15
Q

mixing the SLT and disease models

A

disease models explain how we get addicted and build tolerance/withdrawal
- bioloogical
- role of corticostriatal reward circuitry and habit learning
BUT can explain what makes people try the drug in the first place

SLT - why people try and why people continue initially

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16
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

AIM

A

role of psychosocial variables in adolescent smoking

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17
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

method

A

BL and 6m
UK comprehensive school children
13-14/o
Q on TPB variables, inentions to smoke, current likelihood and external variables

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18
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

external variables

A 
parental support
age
ses
personality
sex
ethnicity
income
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19
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
PREVALENCE AFTER 6M

A

reduce if never tried

increase if tried or smoked at baseline

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20
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
INTENT VARIABLES

A 
pos attitude to smoking 
- predicted by reduced parental support, lower ses
percieved ease to smoke
- easier to smoke, harder to refuse
lower PBC
more injunctive norms (approval)
more sisters smoke
more females
21
Q

wilson and abraham 2004
RESULTS
SMOKING VARIABLES

A 
lower SES
lower self esteem
extravert 
- first 3 only sig when control for past beh 
higher intent
higher ease
more descriptive norms (Friends smoke) 
more % brothers smoke
22
Q

wilson and abraham 2004

RESULTS

A

intent predict future
- mediate att, subj norms and pbc

extraversion and SE direct influence

gender via PBC and intent

lower SES via more pos attitude to smoke and reduced parental control

health not play a role

23
Q

Mugraff et al 1999

AIM

A

PMT on risky one off drinking binge behaviours

24
Q

mugraff et al 1999

method

A

psyh undergrads BL and 2 weeks
info on direct/indirect consequences of drinking
PMT Q, intent, past and self report at follow up

25
mugraff et al 1999 | results - intent
lower percieved severity of consequences assoc with binge drinking higher self efficacy to overcome consequences past behaviour
26
mugraff et al 1999 | results - binging
role of past only sig -
27
stages of subsrance use
initiation + maintenance cessation relapse
28
beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance
susceptibility seriousness costs/benefits expectancies
29
beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance | lewten 2009
affective attitudes impact likelihood to try/maintian regardless of intent
30
beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance | wilson and abraham 2004
sig role of self efficacy and percieved ease
31
beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance cappell and freely expectancies of alcohol
reduces tension and anciety tension-reduction hyp more likely to drink freq and to a great extent if believe so - drink more because expect effects to continue not change
32
beliefs/cognitions on initiation and maintenance chassin 1990 smoking initiation
majority of LT smokers start at childhood people rarel beigin arouns 19-20y/o or maintain the habit
33
social factors on initiation and maintenance | associations of smoking/alc
assoc with fun/pleasure | social links - expect to help self or to make situations better
34
social factors on initiation and maintenance murray 2011 negative parental attitudes
if parents have strong neg attitudes towards smoking | 7x less likely to smoke
35
social factors on initiation and maintenance johnston and write role of peers
social norms strongly influence drinking behaviours | especiall when strongly identify with the social group
36
social factors on initiation and maintenance | marken 2011
smoking can be influences by an array of people around us not just close others acquaintances also have an influence
37
social factors on initiation and maintenance
parents/family peers culture//society
38
cessation | transtheoretical stages of change
``` precontemplation contemplation preparation action maintenance ```
39
cessation transtheoretical stages of change revolving door
the stages are not set in stone can switch back and forth involved a gradual progression
40
cassation vik et al 1999 aim
look at motives to reduce alcohol consumption in heavy drinkers
41
cassation vik et al 1999 method
cross sectional undergrades >1 binge in last 3month demographis, substance us, stages of change Q, consequences and expectancies of alc
42
cassation vik et al 1999 resilts
2/3 NOT recognise the need to cut down contemplation stage more likely to drink and more likely to experience neg consequences i tolerance,, trouble with authorities
43
cassation | west 2004
cessation can be unplanned dont need stages - not everyone goes through them 49% atempt unplanned and of these, 65% unplanned chnages last > 6m
44
cassation | dicamente 1991
pre vs contemplating (quit in 6m) vs prep (quit in 30d) behs prep more likely to intend to quit, make more attempts to quit and more likely to have quit at follow up
45
relapse prevention model | marlatt and gordon 1985
marlatt and gordon 1985
46
stages of the relapse prevention model | marlatt and gordon 1985
high risk situation - coping - higher se - no relapse | -- no coping -- lower se + higher pos expectancy -- lapse -- abstinence of volition effect -- relapse
47
stages of the relapse prevention model marlatt and gordon 1985 high risk situation
serve as an immediate precipitator of relapse after abstinence poses a threat to self control brings about the auto pos/neg assoc ie situation, emotional states, direct/indirect social pressue
48
stages of the relapse prevention model marlatt and gordon 1985 outcome expectancies
assoc with alcohol to alleviating neg or bringing about pos may be particularly high when not use proper coping mechanisms corey 1995 - students who drink have higher pos expectation and discount potential neg
49
stages of the relapse prevention model marlatt and gordon 1985 abstinence of volition effect
lapse increases risk of relapse induces an emotional response which causally attribute to the lapse if blame on self - guilt more likely to lead to relapse

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