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Organisational behaviour > Behaviour change 1 > Flashcards

Behaviour change 1 Flashcards

1
Q

Who developed operant conditioning and when?

A

Skinner, 1938

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2
Q

What is the basic explanation of operant conditioning?

A

Operant conditioning is a process that attempts to modify behavior through the use of positive and negative reinforcement.

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3
Q

What does positive, negative, reinforcement and punishment mean separately?

A

. Positive’ means adding something
- ‘Negative’ means taking away something

. ‘Reinforcement’ is about increasing a behaviour
. ‘Punishment’ is about decreasing a behaviour

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4
Q

Whats positive punishment ?

A

Inflict something unpleasant e.g. shout at someone

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5
Q

Whats negative punishment?

A

remove something desired e.g. removal of a staff microwave because people don’t keep it clean

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6
Q

Whats positive reinforcement?

A

REWARD. give something desired e.g. bonuses for good performance/company car

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7
Q

Whats negative reinforcement?

A

RELIEF. take something away that is unpleasant e.g. bombarding someone with emails until they do the work you have asked them for

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8
Q

What are some examples of why behaviour is changed in the work place

A 
Improve productivity
Decrease lateness
Decrease absenteeism
Increase sales volumes
Crate new business
Improve worker safety
Reduce theft by employees
Reduce shoplifting
Improve management-employee relations
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9
Q

What is the basic overview of behaviourism?

A

. The behaviourist approach focussed on observable behaviour NOT thoughts and feelings (psychological/cognitive states)
. nurture over nature

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10
Q

What does shaping behaviour mean in operant conditioning?

A

The gradual building up of behaviours by reinforcing successive approximations  complex behaviour

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11
Q

What does generalisation mean in operant conditioning?

A

The tendency for responses similar to the original reinforced or conditioned response to be made in the conditioning situation

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12
Q

What does discrimination mean in operant conditioning?

A

The ability to distinguish between the conditions that will and won’t lead to reward / punishment

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13
Q

What does extinction mean in operant conditioning?

A

the disappearance of behaviour following withdrawal of reinforcement

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14
Q

What are the strengths of operant conditioning?

A

. can be used on all ages in all situations
. simple method
. good for people who are extrinsically motivated
. find other examples

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15
Q

What are the weaknesses of operant conditioning?

A

. can be unethical- trated as lab rats
. extinction-lack of long term change
. could reinforce wrong behaviour
. add more

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16
Q

Who came up with Organisational Behaviour Modification (OBMOD)and when?

A

Luthans and Kreitner, 1985

17
Q

What is a summary of OBMod?

A

. Where the important behaviours needed for satisfactory work performance are identified and reinforcement principles are deployed to strengthen this behaviour

18
Q

What are the 5 stages of OBMod

A 
Identification
Measurement
Analysis
Intervention
Evaluation
19
Q

Explain the identification stage of OBMod?

A

. Identify and name the critical behaviours
. Through discussion and observation
Specify desired behaviours or those to avoid

20
Q

Explain the measurement stage of OBMod?

A

For the specific desired / undesired behaviours:

  • Measure how often they occur currently.
  • This gives you a baseline for later comparison
21
Q

Explain the analysis stage of OBMod? ABC

A

Antecedents – causal event (what triggers the behaviour)
Behaviour – what we can observe someone do Consequences – what happens after the behaviour that will encourage / discourage repetition

22
Q

Explain the intervention stage of OBMod

A

Design and implement Positive/Negative Reinforcement/Punishment
.Requires:
- Clear targets
- Observation / check-lists
- Feedback on performance against the target

23
Q

Explain the evaluation stage of OBMod?

A

For the specific desired / undesired behaviours:

- Measure how often the occur currently and compare to the earlier baseline

24
Q

What are the strengths of OBMod?

A

. Specific, objective and countable behaviours…

-Often used in areas such as Health & Safety – when the target behaviour is completely clear

25
Q

What are the weaknesses of OBMod?

A

. when there are big individual differneces in a group
. seen as ‘big brother’, trated as lab rats, manipulative
. doesn’t encourage creativity and individual difference
. no long term change

26
Q

Who created the Theory of Planned Behaviour and when?

A

(Ajzen, 1991)

27
Q

What are the components of the TPB model?

A

. intention leads to our behaviour

. intention influenced by attitude, social norms and perceived behavioural control

28
Q

Explain each of the antecedents of intention in TPB

A

. Attitude- the level of favourability to a given behaviour
. social norms- normative beliefs around a given topic
. PBC-how the individual perceives their ability to perform a certain behaviour

29
Q

What are the strengths of TPB?

A

Useful simplification of influences – not claiming to be more than this
. add

30
Q

What are the weaknesses of TPB?

A

. Intention shown to have two aspects instead of just one(motivational +implemental)
Assumes humans are rational and consider options
Perhaps perceived behavioural control has a greater influence than intention to act?

31
Q

Who came up with social learning theory and when?

A

Bandura, 1971

32
Q

What are the stages of social learning theory? add if you can

A 
. Demonstration- model
. Attention
. Retention
. Reproduction
. Motivation
33
Q

When was social cognitive theory developed and by who?

A

Bandura, 1986

34
Q

What are the 5 assumptions of social cognitive theory?

A

1-Learning by observation (models)
2-Learning is an internal process that may or may not be reflected in observable behaviour
3-Learning requires both cognitive processing as well as the motivation to learn
4-Reciprocal determinism
5-Learning occurs as people develop greater self-regulation

35
Q

What are the strengths of Bandura’s work?

A
  • Practically helpful for learning, training and education.
  • Recognises humans as self-organising, proactive and self-reflecting
  • Bandura introduced many concepts – they have not been brought together as one coherent theory
36
Q

What are the weaknesses of Bandura’s work?

A
  • Bandura’s many concepts have not been brought together as one coherent theory
  • Difficult to measure learning - not all social learning can be easily observed
  • Does not explain development over time

Organisational behaviour (8 decks)

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