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psychology > behaviorism,SLT,cognitive,biological > Flashcards

behaviorism,SLT,cognitive,biological Flashcards

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1
Q

what are the 3 types of consequences of behavior in operant conditioning?

A

positive reinforcement- receiving a reward for a certain behavior
negative reinforcement- when you avoid something unpleasant (e.g. handing in essay to avoid detention)
punishment- an unpleasant consequence of behavior

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2
Q

what is operant conditioning?

A

form of learning in which behavior is shaped and maintained by its consequences

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3
Q

when does classical conditioning occur?

A

when 2 stimuli are repeatedly paired together- an unconditioned and new neutral stimulus. the neutral stimulus eventually produces the same response that was first produced by the unlearned stimulus alone

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4
Q

who suggested the theory of operant conditioning?

A

Skinner

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5
Q

what did Pavlov use in his research and what were the findings (outcome) of the research?

A

dogs
he was able to show how a neutral stimulus (the bell) can come to illicit a new learned response (conditioned response) through association

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6
Q

what type of experiments do behaviorists rely on, as it helps to maintain more control and objectivity?

A

lab experiments

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7
Q

what is classical conditioning and who first demonstrated it?

A

classical conditioning- learning through association

Pavlov

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8
Q

what is the behaviorist approach?

A

a way of explaining behavior in terms of
what is observable and
in terms of learning

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9
Q

5 evaluative points for social learning theory

A

SLT provides a more comprehensive explanation of human learning
over-reliance on evidence from lab studies
underestimates the influence of biological factors
explains cultural differences in behavior
less deterministic than behaviorist approach

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10
Q

do role models have to be physically present in the environment for people to imitate their behavior?

A

no

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11
Q

how does a person become a role model in terms of ‘modelling’ and identification? (3 ways)

A

possess similar characteristics to the observer
are attractive
have high status

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12
Q

are people (especially children) more likely to imitate the behavior of people with whom they identify (role models)?

A

yes

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13
Q

what are the 4 mediational processes in learning identified by Bandura?

A
  1. attention- the extent to which we notice certain behaviors
  2. retention- how well the behavior is remembered
  3. motor reproduction- ability to perform behavior
  4. motivation- the will to perform the behavior, determined by whether the behavior was rewarded or punished
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14
Q

when does vicarious reinforcement occur?

A

indirect learning
learner observes the behavior of someone, and may imitate it if the behavior is seen to be rewarded (reinforced) rather than punished

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15
Q

who proposed social learning theory as a development of the behaviorist approach?

A

Bandura

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16
Q

does SLT suggest that learning occurs directly, through classical and operant conditioning, but also indirectly?

A

yes

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17
Q

what is social learning theory?

A

combines behaviorist approach (behavior is learnt from experience) with SLT- people learn through observation and imitation of others within a social context

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18
Q

5 evaluation points for the behaviorist approach

A

it has scientific credibility
it has real life applications (e.g. operant conditioning is the basis of token economies)
mechanist view of behavior- SLT/cognitive argue for mental process- behaviorist may apply more to animals
deterministic
ethical/practical issues issues in animal studies

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19
Q

what is the cognitive approach?

A

how our mental processes affect behavior

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20
Q

what areas of human behavior does the cognitive approach investigate that SLT and behaviorists ignore?

A

memory, perception and thinking

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21
Q

how does the cognitive approach observe these processes?

A

they study them indirectly by making inferences based on their behavior

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22
Q

one way to study internal processes according to the cognitive approach

A

theoretical methods

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23
Q

what does the informational processing approach suggest and what is it?

A

a theoretical method
information flows through the cognitive system in a sequence of stages that includes input, storage and retrieval, as in the multi-store model

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24
Q

what is the computer model?

A

the mind is compared to a computer by suggesting there are similarities in the way information is processed
there is a central processing unit (the brain), coding (to turn information into a usable format), and stores to hold information

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25
Q

what has the concept of the computer model been useful in developing?

A

artificial intelligence

26
Q

what is ‘schema’?

A

‘packages’ of information or ideas developed through experience

27
Q

what does the ‘schema’ act as?

A

a mental framework for the interpretation of incoming information received by the cognitive system

28
Q

what do schemas help us to do?

A

respond to the object appropriately

29
Q

what are babies born with (schema)?

A

simple motor schema for innate behaviors

30
Q

what is schema useful for?

A

processing lots of information quickly, which prevents us from being overwhelmed by environmental stimuli

31
Q

what is cognitive neuroscience?

A

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

32
Q

what did Broca identify?

A

how damage to an area of the frontal lobe (Broca’s area) could permanently impair speech production

33
Q

what have scanning techniques (PET, fMRI etc.) proved useful for?

A

establishing the neurological basis of some mental disorders

34
Q

what have scientists been able to do only in the last 20 years or so?

A

they have been able to systematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes

35
Q

what could ‘brain fingerprinting’ be used for in the future?

A

analysing the brain wave patterns of eyewitnesses to determine whether they are lying in court

36
Q

is the cognitive approach deterministic?

A

based on soft determinism- a more interactionist approach

37
Q

in what way can the cognitive approach be applied to real life?

A

it has made an important contribution in the field of AI
the development of ‘thinking machines’- robots
CBT- therapies

38
Q

why is cognitive psychology sometimes too abstract or theoretical in nature (which makes it lack external validity)?

A

because its based on inferences of mental processes

39
Q

why is the computer analogy criticised?

A

it shows machine reductionism

40
Q

the use of lab experiments and the emergence of cognitive neuroscience gives the cognitive approach what?

A

a credible scientific basis

41
Q

what is the biological approach?

A

a perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body

42
Q

what does ‘the mind lives in the brain’ mean?

A

all thoughts, feelings and behavior ultimately have a physical basis

43
Q

what do behavior geneticists study?

A

whether behavioral characteristics, such as intelligence, personality, mental disorders, are inherited in the same way as physical characteristics, such as height and eye colour

44
Q

what type of studies are used to determine the likeliness that certain traits have a genetic basis?
what is compared in these studies?

A

twin studies

concordance rates

45
Q

what are monozygotic (MZ) twins?

what percentage of genes do they share?

A

identical twins

100%

46
Q

what are dizygotic (DZ) twins?

what percentage of genes do they share?

A

non-identical twins

50% (the same as normal siblings)

47
Q

what is a genotype?

A

the particular set of genes a person possesses

48
Q

what is a phenotype?

A

the characteristics of a person determined by both genes and the environment

49
Q

what do many biological psychologists accept in terms of geno/phenotypes?

A

much of human behavior depends on an interaction between inherited factors (nature) and the environment (nurture)

50
Q

what is the theory of natural selection?

A

any genetically determined behavior that enhances an individuals survival or reproduction will continue in future generations

51
Q

where does natural selection take place?

A

in nature- ‘naturally’

52
Q

what happens if an individual survives but does not reproduce?

A

the traits gained do not remain in the gene pool

53
Q

definition of neurochemistry

A

relating to chemicals in the brain that regulate psychological functioning

54
Q

definition of evolution

A

the changes in inherited characteristics in a biological population over successive generations

55
Q

what highly scientific, reliable and unbiased methods does the biological approach use?

A

scanning techniques, such as fMRI’s and EEG’s
family and twin studies
drug trials

56
Q

how does the biological approach have real life application?

A

it has lead to the development of psychoactive drugs that can help treat serious mental illnesses

57
Q

is there a cause and effect issue in terms of the action of neurotransmitters in the brain?

A

yes

58
Q

is the biological approach deterministic?

A

yes

59
Q

in what way does the biological approach have implications for the legal system and wider society because of it’s determinism?

A

one of the rules of law is that offenders are seen as legally and morally responsible for their actions. the discovery of a ‘criminal gene’, if there is such a thing, may complicate this principle

60
Q

what is the important confounding variable in family/twin studies?

A

you cannot tell what is nature and what is nurture- families usually live in the same/ similar environments

psychology (6 decks)

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