Behavioral Therapy

Question 1

classical conditioning

Answer 1

learning through association

Question 2

Pavlov and his salivating dogs

Answer 2

discovery of “psychic secretion” in dogs

Question 3

classical conditioning terminology: extinguishing an association

Answer 3

by no longer pairing the conditioned stimulus

Question 4

classical conditioning terminology: habituating to a stimulus

Answer 4

if nothing pleasant or unpleasant happens after stimulus, individual will fail to respond to stimulus (e.g. loud noise–usually react, but if nothing happens, will eventually stop responding)

Question 5

classical conditioning terminology: generalizing learned associations

Answer 5

heard one bell-now salivate to all bells, buzzers, and other sounds

Question 6

classical conditioning terminology: differentiating stimuli

Answer 6

does it matter which bell rings? maybe only the small bell (not large) is the one that comes before the meat

Question 7

Watson

Answer 7

became the first major proponent of behaviorism in america

Question 8

Watson: the case of little Albert

Answer 8

wanted to show that phobias are due not to complex Oedipal problems but to simple learning experiences; he induced fear of rats in an 11 month old baby

Question 9

positive reinforcement

Answer 9

reward: provide pleasure

daughter plays a piano and then she gets a toy

Question 10

negative reinforcement

Answer 10

reward: remove displeasure
remove something unpleasant; increase the behavior; nagging you to do something so you do it
ex. seat belt and the noise it makes if you don’t put your seat belt on

Question 11

punishment

Answer 11

positive punishment provide displeasure

spend extra time cleaning your room

Question 12

frustrative nonreward

Answer 12

remove pleasure aka negative punishment

ex. time out

Question 13

shaping

Answer 13

Reinforces a person for performing successively closer approximations to a total behavior
initially when first try to do something you might reward them when they get close, but when you need them to get closer stop rewarding until they’re spot on doing the right thing
Example: Teaching a toddler to feed herself by praising successive behaviors:
Picking up the spoon
Sticking the spoon into the food
Mouthing the food on the spoon

Question 14

token economy

Answer 14

not getting an immediate reward; use accumulated token to get something

Question 15

reinforcement

Answer 15

increases behavior 
Increases the likelihood that a person will engage in a behavior again
\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be: 
tangible (e.g., a favorite food) 
social (e.g., praise)
activities (e.g., listening to music)
tokens (e.g., money)

Question 16

punishment

Answer 16

decreases behavior

Question 17

Wolpe

Answer 17

he developed the idea of a hierarchy of feared situations, from low to high fear

Question 18

systematic desensitization

Answer 18

clients work their way up this hierarchy (a hierarchy of feared situations from low to high)

Question 19

imaginal desensitization

Answer 19

fears that did not lend themselves to direct exposure; in this case, feared situations are imagined

Question 20

live exposure to fears

Answer 20

in vivo desensitization

Question 21

flooding therapy

Answer 21

goes straight to the top of the hierarchy of fears

Question 22

exposure

relaxation

Answer 22

the curative factor appears to be _______(i.e. habituation) and not ________ (i.e. inhibition)

Question 23

habituation

Answer 23

not “getting used to the stimulus” but rather getting exposed to stimulus that usually indicates danger–but because exposed multiple time (without danger following the stimulus) results in stimulus no longer causing alarm

Question 24

4 defining themes of traditional behavior therapy

Answer 24

scientific, active, present focus, grounding in learning theory

Question 25

Psychological problems from Ellis’ perspective (REBT)

Answer 25

psychological problems come from:

• irrational beliefs based on absolutist demands
• maladaptive thoughts that stem from irrational beliefs
• –casue people to blame themselves and others for their unhappiness which causes psychological problems
• –i.e. beliefs about events, not events themselves, cause problems

Question 26

irrational beliefs

Answer 26

• beliefs that are rigid, inconsistent with reality, illogical, and often counter to people’s goals
• logical errors in thinking

Question 27

all boil down to these three irrational beliefs

Answer 27

1. i must do well.
2. you must treat me well
3. the world must be easy

Question 28

Psychological problems from Beck’s perspective (CT)

Answer 28

cognitive errors; cognitive schemas

Question 29

cognitive errors

Answer 29

systematic errors in reasoning that result from biased information processing
-often occur automatically, without individuals’ awareness
»»automatic thoughts

Question 30

cognitive schemas

Answer 30

are the source of cognitive errors

-important beliefs and assumptions about people, events, and the environment

Question 31

Phases of therapy in CBT: phase 1

Answer 31

building a trusting relationship; listing and prioritizing the client’s problems; educating the client about the theory and the process of therapy; beginning to identify cognitive errors; working toward some immediate symptom relief

Question 32

Phases of therapy in CBT: phase 2

Answer 32

identifying links among cognitive errors, beliefs, emotional reactions, and behavior
-helping the client overcome cognitive errors

Question 33

Beck: collaborative empiricism

Answer 33

clients are encouraged to test their beliefs; through logical scutiny; and real life experiments

Question 34

REBT

Answer 34

dysfunctional beliefs are directly disputed by therapist; distinctions are not made among different disorders

Question 35

CBT

Answer 35

dysfunctional beliefs are tested by the client; unique “cognitive profiles” are identified for different disorders

Question 36

coping skills therapies

Answer 36

treats problems by changing both cognitions and overt behaviors
-teaches clients a systematic strategy for approaching present and future problems

Question 37

self-instructional training: the 4 functions of self-instructional training

Answer 37

1. focusing attention
2. guiding behavior
3. providing encouragement
4. evaluating performance

Question 38

5 Steps of Self-Instructional Training

Answer 38

cognitive modeling
cognitive participant modeling
overt self-instruction
fading of overt self-instructions
covert self-instructions

Question 39

Seven Stages of Problem-Solving

Answer 39

1. adopting a problem-solving orientation
2. defining the problem
3. selecting goals
4. generating alternative solutions
5. choosing the best solution
6. implementing the best solution
7. evaluating the effectiveness of the solution