Behavioral Therapy Flashcards
classical conditioning
learning through association
Pavlov and his salivating dogs
discovery of “psychic secretion” in dogs
classical conditioning terminology: extinguishing an association
by no longer pairing the conditioned stimulus
classical conditioning terminology: habituating to a stimulus
if nothing pleasant or unpleasant happens after stimulus, individual will fail to respond to stimulus (e.g. loud noise–usually react, but if nothing happens, will eventually stop responding)
classical conditioning terminology: generalizing learned associations
heard one bell-now salivate to all bells, buzzers, and other sounds
classical conditioning terminology: differentiating stimuli
does it matter which bell rings? maybe only the small bell (not large) is the one that comes before the meat
Watson
became the first major proponent of behaviorism in america
Watson: the case of little Albert
wanted to show that phobias are due not to complex Oedipal problems but to simple learning experiences; he induced fear of rats in an 11 month old baby
positive reinforcement
reward: provide pleasure
daughter plays a piano and then she gets a toy
negative reinforcement
reward: remove displeasure
remove something unpleasant; increase the behavior; nagging you to do something so you do it
ex. seat belt and the noise it makes if you don’t put your seat belt on
punishment
positive punishment provide displeasure
spend extra time cleaning your room
frustrative nonreward
remove pleasure aka negative punishment
ex. time out
shaping
Reinforces a person for performing successively closer approximations to a total behavior
initially when first try to do something you might reward them when they get close, but when you need them to get closer stop rewarding until they’re spot on doing the right thing
Example: Teaching a toddler to feed herself by praising successive behaviors:
Picking up the spoon
Sticking the spoon into the food
Mouthing the food on the spoon
token economy
not getting an immediate reward; use accumulated token to get something
reinforcement
increases behavior Increases the likelihood that a person will engage in a behavior again \_\_\_\_\_\_\_ can be: tangible (e.g., a favorite food) social (e.g., praise) activities (e.g., listening to music) tokens (e.g., money)
punishment
decreases behavior
Wolpe
he developed the idea of a hierarchy of feared situations, from low to high fear
systematic desensitization
clients work their way up this hierarchy (a hierarchy of feared situations from low to high)
imaginal desensitization
fears that did not lend themselves to direct exposure; in this case, feared situations are imagined
live exposure to fears
in vivo desensitization
flooding therapy
goes straight to the top of the hierarchy of fears
exposure
relaxation
the curative factor appears to be _______(i.e. habituation) and not ________ (i.e. inhibition)
habituation
not “getting used to the stimulus” but rather getting exposed to stimulus that usually indicates danger–but because exposed multiple time (without danger following the stimulus) results in stimulus no longer causing alarm
4 defining themes of traditional behavior therapy
scientific, active, present focus, grounding in learning theory
