Behavioral Therapies Flashcards
Learning is the association of things that take place together in time
Classical conditioning
Classical conditioning occurs when
Repeated pairing of a neutral unconditioned stimulus with one that evokes a response (unconditioned response) so that the neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke that same response (conditioned stimulus and conditioned response)
Pavlov’s dog is an example of what type of learning
Classical conditioning
when dog was given meat powder, it began to salivate, pavlov rang bell at same time as meat powder; eventually anytime the bell rang (without food), the dog would salivate
In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is always the same as the
Conditioned response
In classical conditioning, extinction refers to?
The ability to get rid of a learned response
(i.e. get rid of salivating at the sound of the bell, but giving food without ringing the bell)
What is generalization in the setting of classical conditioning?
When other similar stimuli (or situation) becomes the conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response
(ex: little albert associated white rabbits, doctors and eventually santa to the white rat and had fears of all of these)
Behavioral therapy for phobias includes
feared stimulus + relaxation = decreased anxiety
Relaxation activities that may be implemented in the behavioral therapy for phobias
Meditation
Progressive muscle relaxation
Hypnosis
Guided imagery (self-hypnosis)
Classical conditioning to treat phobias
Step 1: object of phobia (consider as an UCS) –> relaxation (UCR)
Step 2: relaxation activity (CS) + object of phobia (UCS) –> relaxation (UCR)
Step 3: Object of phobia (CS) –> relaxation (CR)
How does systemic desensitization work in treating phobias?
First make a hierarchy of fears, then select a feared object/situation that is low on the list and use relaxation to condition to it until there is much less anxiety/fear associated with it
Then progress to feared objects/situations that are higher on the list and do the same thing
There does not have to be full reduction in fear, but there should be considerable drops in anxiety
Learning is the association of things that take place sequentially
Operant conditioning
Operant conditioning occurs when?
Responses that have a positive effect are likely to increase
Responses that have an unpleasant effect are likely to decrease
Reinforcement in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?
Resulting in an increase in behavior
Punishment in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?
Results in decreased behavior
Positive in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?
Something is added
Negative in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?
Something is taken away
Application of good consequence when behavior is performed
Positive reinforcement
(ex: money when chores are complete)
Application of aversive* consequence when behavior is performed
*does not have to be painful
Positive punishment
(ex: child is made to kneel on rice after parent discovers lying –> decrease in lying)
Removal of good consequence when behavior is performed
Negative punishment
(ex: freedom is removed by going to jail after committing a crime –> decrease in crime)
Removal of an aversive stimuli when behavior is performed
Negative reinforcement
(ex: seatbelt ding stops when you buckle up –> increase buckling behavior)
Why is spanking not a recommended as a form of punishment?
Children who are spanked are more likely to become adults who are depressed, use alcohol, have more anger, hit their own children, hit their spouses and engage in crime and violence
A nursing home patient has learned by being reinforced from the nurses’ attention to yell “hey! hello? are you going to smile at me?” at the nurses whenever a nurse passes by the TV lounge. The nurses decide to ignore the patients yelling, which results in decreased yelling. Ignoring the yelling is an example of?
Negative punishment
