Behavioral Therapies

Question 1

Learning is the association of things that take place together in time

Answer 1

Classical conditioning

Question 2

Classical conditioning occurs when

Answer 2

Repeated pairing of a neutral unconditioned stimulus with one that evokes a response (unconditioned response) so that the neutral stimulus eventually comes to evoke that same response (conditioned stimulus and conditioned response)

Question 3

Pavlov’s dog is an example of what type of learning

Answer 3

Classical conditioning

when dog was given meat powder, it began to salivate, pavlov rang bell at same time as meat powder; eventually anytime the bell rang (without food), the dog would salivate

Question 4

In classical conditioning the unconditioned response is always the same as the

Answer 4

Conditioned response

Question 5

In classical conditioning, extinction refers to?

Answer 5

The ability to get rid of a learned response

(i.e. get rid of salivating at the sound of the bell, but giving food without ringing the bell)

Question 6

What is generalization in the setting of classical conditioning?

Answer 6

When other similar stimuli (or situation) becomes the conditioned stimulus for the conditioned response

_{(ex: little albert associated white rabbits, doctors and eventually santa to the white rat and had fears of all of these)}

Question 7

Behavioral therapy for phobias includes

Answer 7

feared stimulus + relaxation = decreased anxiety

Question 8

Relaxation activities that may be implemented in the behavioral therapy for phobias

Answer 8

Meditation

Progressive muscle relaxation

Hypnosis

Guided imagery (self-hypnosis)

Question 9

Classical conditioning to treat phobias

Answer 9

Step 1: object of phobia (consider as an UCS) –> relaxation (UCR)

Step 2: relaxation activity (CS) + object of phobia (UCS) –> relaxation (UCR)

Step 3: Object of phobia (CS) –> relaxation (CR)

Question 10

How does systemic desensitization work in treating phobias?

Answer 10

First make a hierarchy of fears, then select a feared object/situation that is low on the list and use relaxation to condition to it until there is much less anxiety/fear associated with it

Then progress to feared objects/situations that are higher on the list and do the same thing

There does not have to be full reduction in fear, but there should be considerable drops in anxiety

Question 11

Learning is the association of things that take place sequentially

Answer 11

Operant conditioning

Question 12

Operant conditioning occurs when?

Answer 12

Responses that have a positive effect are likely to increase

Responses that have an unpleasant effect are likely to decrease

Question 13

Reinforcement in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?

Answer 13

Resulting in an increase in behavior

Question 14

Punishment in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?

Answer 14

Results in decreased behavior

Question 15

Positive in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?

Answer 15

Something is added

Question 16

Negative in the setting of operant conditioning refers to?

Answer 16

Something is taken away

Question 17

Application of good consequence when behavior is performed

Answer 17

Positive reinforcement

(ex: money when chores are complete)

Question 18

Application of aversive^* consequence when behavior is performed

^{*does not have to be painful}

Answer 18

Positive punishment

(ex: child is made to kneel on rice after parent discovers lying –> decrease in lying)

Question 19

Removal of good consequence when behavior is performed

Answer 19

Negative punishment

(ex: freedom is removed by going to jail after committing a crime –> decrease in crime)

Question 20

Removal of an aversive stimuli when behavior is performed

Answer 20

Negative reinforcement

(ex: seatbelt ding stops when you buckle up –> increase buckling behavior)

Question 21

Why is spanking not a recommended as a form of punishment?

Answer 21

Children who are spanked are more likely to become adults who are depressed, use alcohol, have more anger, hit their own children, hit their spouses and engage in crime and violence

Question 22

A nursing home patient has learned by being reinforced from the nurses’ attention to yell “hey! hello? are you going to smile at me?” at the nurses whenever a nurse passes by the TV lounge. The nurses decide to ignore the patients yelling, which results in decreased yelling. Ignoring the yelling is an example of?

Answer 22

Negative punishment