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MCAT > Behavioral Sciences Ch. 3 > Flashcards

Behavioral Sciences Ch. 3 Flashcards

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MCAT flashcards
1
Q

Define latent learning

A

learning that subconsciously initially occurs without the presence of a reward, that is demonstrated spontaneously later in the presence of a reward

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2
Q

Define preparedness

A

when animals are best able to learn behaviors that coincide with natural behaviors

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3
Q

Define Instinctive/instinctual drift

A

when animals revert to instinctive behavior after learning a new behavior that is too similar to its instincts

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4
Q

Where are mirror neurons primarily located

A

Frontal and parietal lobes

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5
Q

Define mirror neurons

A

Neurons that are in charge of observation learning; they fire when someone performs an action and when they observe someone else performing that action

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6
Q

Mirror neurons are most likely involved in what processes

A

Motor processes and some in empathy

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7
Q

Define encoding

A

putting new info into memory

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8
Q

List the methods of encoding

A

1) visual
2) acoustic
3) elaborative
4) semantic

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9
Q

What is the weakest method of encoding?

A

Visual

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10
Q

What is the strongest method of encoding?

A

Semantic

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11
Q

Define elaborative encoding

A

Memorizing information by linking new info to knowledge already in memory

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12
Q

Define semantic encoding

A

Memorize information by putting it into meaningful context

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13
Q

Define self-reference effect

A

We tend to recall information best when put into context of own lives

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14
Q

Describe the loci mnemonic method

A

associate items on list with location along route

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15
Q

Describe the peg-word mnemonic method

A

associating numbers with items that rhyme or resemble numbers

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16
Q

Describe the chunking/clustering mnemonic method

A

take individual elements of list and group based on related meaning [i.e. OCADTG is DOGCAT]

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17
Q

Describe sensory memory storage

A

most fleeting, preserve info in original sensory form (mainly sight, hearing, and touch). Is highly accurate but short-lived (less than 1 second). consists of iconic and echoic memory

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18
Q

Define iconic memory

A

fast-decaying memory of visual stimuli

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19
Q

Define echoic memory

A

fast-decaying memory of auditory stimuli

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20
Q

How long does short term memory last (without rehearsal)?

A

about 30 seconds

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21
Q

How many items can your short term memory hold?

A

7 (give or take 2)

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22
Q

How can you increase the capacity of short term memory?

A

By clustering

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23
Q

How can you increase the duration of short term memory?

A

By maintenance rehearsal

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24
Q

The short term memory is housed in what brain structure?

A

Hippocampus

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25
Q

How is information consolidated in the long term memory?

A

Via elaborative learning

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26
Q

What structure(s) are involved in long term memory? How?

A

Long term memory is primarily controlled by the hippocampus, but memories are moved over time back to the cerebral cortex, so that very long-term memories aren’t affected by hippocampal damage

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27
Q

Define implicit/nondeclarative memory

A

Long term memory of skills and habits, i.e. conditioned responses that don’t need to be consciously recalled

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28
Q

Procedural memory is a part of what type of memory?

A

Long term memory, particularly implicit/nondeclarative

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29
Q

Define procedural memory

A

Implicit long term memory that relates to our unconscious memory of skills required to complete procedural tasks

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30
Q

Define priming

A

presentation of 1 stimulus to affect a 2nd

31
Q

Define positive priming

A

Exposure to first stimulus improves processing of second (associated with spreading activation)

32
Q

Define negative priming

A

presentation of first stimulus interferes with processing of 2nd stimulus

33
Q

Define explicit/declarative memory

A

Long term memories requiring conscious recall

34
Q

List the four types of explicit/declarative memory

A

1) Episodic
2) Semantic
2) Autobiographical
3) Flashbulb

35
Q

Define episodic memory

A

A type of explicit memory of recollection of life experiences

36
Q

Define autobiographical memory

A

A type of explicit memory about lives and selves, including both semantic memories of personal life experiences and explicit memories of life experiences ???????????

37
Q

Define semantic memory

A

A type of explicit memory of ideas, concepts, factors that are known but not tied to specific life experiences

38
Q

Define flashbulb memory

A

explicit and semantic memory of detailed recollection of stimuli surrounding emotionally arousing event

39
Q

Define retrieval

A

process of demonstrating something has been retained

40
Q

Define recall

A

retrieval of previously learned info

41
Q

Define recognition

A

process of identifying previously learned info, is easier than recall

42
Q

Define relearning

A

Processing stimuli again to make it easier to remember (not a good definition)

43
Q

Define spacing effect

A

Longer amount of time between sessions of relearning causes greater retention

44
Q

Define semantic network

A

concepts linked together based on similar meaning, making retrieval easier

45
Q

Define spreading activation

A

when one node of semantic network is activated, other linked concepts are unconsciously activated

46
Q

Define context effects

A

memory is aided by being in same physical location where encoding took place

47
Q

Define source monitoring

A

determines origin of memories and if they are factual or fictional

48
Q

Define state-dependent memory/effect

A

retrieval cue based on performing better when in same emotional state when info was learned

49
Q

Define serial position effect

A

primacy (ability to memorize first part of list) and recency (memorize last part of lists) effects

50
Q

(primacy/recency) effects are part of short term memory

A

Recency

51
Q

Define interference

A

retrieval error caused by existence of other similar info

52
Q

Define proactive interference

A

old info interferes with learning new info

53
Q

Define retroactive interference

A

new info causes forgetting of old info

54
Q

Define source amnesia

A

inability to remember where, when, how, one obtained knowledge

55
Q

Alzheimer’s memory loss is (retrograde/anterograde)

A

Retrograde (most recent memories being lost first)

56
Q

Alzheimer’s is associated with the loss of ___ neurons in the ____

A

Ach; hippocampus

57
Q

Alzheimer’s is associated with ___ tangles and ___ plaques

A

Neurofibrillary tangles; β-amyloid plaques

58
Q

Define β-amyloid plaque

A

incorrectly folded copies of amyloid precursor protein

59
Q

Define Korsakoff’s syndrome

A

memory loss caused by thiamine deficiency, marked by retrograde and anterograde amnesia, and confabulation

60
Q

Define confabulation

A

creating vivid, but false, memories

61
Q

Korsakoff’s syndrome is caused by ___

A

thiamine deficiency

62
Q

Define agnosia

A

loss of ability to recognize objects, people, or sounds, usually caused by physical damage like stroke or multiple sclerosis

63
Q

Define retention function

A

The recollection of events in the first 20 to 30 most recent years of an individual’s life. This results in more memories for events closest to the present, a recency effect.

64
Q

Define prospective memory

A

remembering to perform task in future

65
Q

Define reproductive memory

A

Theory that memory recall plays out in unbiased linear fashion (like a film)

66
Q

Define reconstructive memory

A

Theory that memory recall is impacted by imagination, semantic memory, and perception

67
Q

Define misinformation effect

A

recall of event is less accurate due to injection of outside info into memory

68
Q

Define intrusion errors

A

false memories that include a false detail not from an outside source, but rather is due to an intruding memory having elements interjected into an original memory

69
Q

Define Source-monitoring error

A

confusion between semantic and episodic memory by confusing context of memory (i.e. when you hear a story and remember it as happening to you)

70
Q

T/F: Infants are born with more neurons

A

True

71
Q

Define long-term potentiation

A

strengthening of neural connections through repeated use

72
Q

_____ receptor required to strengthen synaptic connections

A

NMDA

73
Q

Long-term potentiation is associated with what receptor?

A

NMDA

74
Q

The neurophysiological basis for long-term memory is explained by what phenomenon?

A

Long-term potentiation

MCAT (13 decks)

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