Behavioral Science Flashcards
The phenomenon of a stereotype creating an expectation of a particular group, which creates conditions that lead to confirmation of this stereotype
Self-fulfilling prophecy
A theory that states that people tend to associate traits and behavior in others, and that people have the tendency to attribute their own beliefs, opinions, and ideas onto others.
Implicit personality theory
A cognitive bias in which judgments of an individual’s character can be affected by the overall impression of the individual.
Halo effect
A model that explains social interaction and decision making as a game, including strategies, incentives, and punishments.
Game theory
The general bias toward making dispositional attributions rather than situational attributions when analyzing another person’s behavior.
Fundamental attribution error
The act of searching for and exploiting food resources.
Foraging
The practice of making judgments about other cultures based on the values and beliefs of one’s own culture.
Ethnocentrism
In classical conditioning, the process by which two similar but distinct conditioned stimuli produce different responses; in sociology, when individuals of a particular group are treated differently from others based on their group.
Discrimination
The recognition that social groups and cultures must be studied on their own terms to be understood.
Cultural relativism
A theory that states that people pay closer attention to intentional behavior than accidental behavior when making attributions, especially if the behavior is unexpected.
Correspondent inference theory
A phenomenon observed when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or perception.
Attribution substitution
A very deep emotional bond to another person, particularly a parent or caregiver.
Attachment
A form of helping behavior in which the intent is to benefit someone else at a cost to oneself.
Altruism
A formalized ceremony that usually involves specific material objects, symbolism, and additional mandates on acceptable behavior.
Ritual
The transition from high birth and mortality rates to lower birth and mortality rates, seen as a country develops from a preindustrial to an industrialized economic system.
Demographic transition
A theoretical framework that studies the ways individuals interact through a shared understanding of words, gestures, and other symbols.
Symbolic interactionism
An ethnic identity that is only relevant on special occasions or in specific circumstances and that does not impact everyday life.
Symbolic ethnicity
The nonmaterial culture that represents a group of people; expressed through ideas and concepts.
Symbolic culture
Philosophies that drive large numbers of people to organize to promote or resist social change.
Social movements
A theoretical approach that uncovers the ways in which individuals and groups participate in the formation of their perceived social reality.
Social constructionism
The ethical tenet that a physician has a responsibility to avoid interventions in which the potential for harm outweighs the potential for benefit.
Nonmaleficence
An impression management strategy where one creates obstacles to avoid self-blame when he or she does not meet expectations.
Self-handicapping
Understanding the thoughts and motives of other people present in the social world; also referred to as social cognition.
Social perception
The idea that individuals will view their own success as being based on internal factors, while viewing failures as being based on external factors.
Self-serving bias
An irrationally based positive or negative attitude toward a person, group, or thing, formed prior to actual experience.
Prejudice
An aspect of interpersonal attraction or impression management in which one shares his or her fears, thoughts, and goals with another person in the hopes of being met with empathy and nonjudgment.
Self-dsiclosure
The cognitive bias that good things happen to good people and bad things happen to bad people.
Just World hypothesis
A measure of reproductive success; depends on the number of offspring an individual has, how well they support their offspring, and how well their offspring can support others.
Inclusive fitness
Attitudes and impressions that are made based on limited and superficial information about a person or a group of individuals.
Stereotypes
The physical items one associates with a given cultural group.
Material culture
In medical ethics, the tenet that the physician has a responsibility to treat similar patients with similar care and to distribute healthcare resources fairly.
Justice
The statistical arm of sociology, which attempts to characterize and explain populations by quantitative analysis.
Demographics
A theoretical framework that emphasizes the role of power differentials in producing social order.
Conflict theory
The ethical tenet that a physician has a responsibility to act in the patient’s best interest.
Beneficence
A state of normlessness; anomic conditions erode social solidarity by means of excessive individualism, social inequality, and isolation.
Anomie
The movement of individuals in the social hierarchy through changes in income, education, or occupation.
Social mobility
The investment people make in their society in return for economic or collective rewards.
Social capital
The number of cases of a disease per population in a given period of time; usually, cases per 1000 people per year.
Prevalence
A socioeconomic condition of low resource availability; in the United States, the poverty line is determined by the government’s calculation of the minimum income requirements for families to acquire the minimum necessities of life.
Poverty
A society in which advancement up the social ladder is based on intellectual talent and achievement.
Meritocracy
The number of new cases of a disease per population at risk in a given period of time; usually, new cases per 1000 at-risk people per year.
Incidence
Groups of people within a culture that distinguish themselves from the primary culture to which they belong.
Subcultures
The extreme disapproval or dislike of a person or group based on perceived differences in social characteristics from the rest of society.
Stigma
The tendency to perform at a different level based on the fact that others are around.
Social facilitation
Actions and behaviors that individuals are conscious of and performing because others are around.
Social action
Societal rules that define the boundaries of acceptable behavior.
Norms
The tendency for groups to make decisions based on ideas and solutions that arise within the group without considering outside ideas and ethics; based on pressure to conform and remain loyal to the group.
Groupthink
The tendency toward decisions that are more extreme than the individual thoughts of the group members.
Group polarization
A theory in which attitudes are formed and changed through different routes of informational processing based on the degree of deep thought given to persuasive information.
Elaboration likelihood model
A theory that states that people tend to associate traits and behavior in others, and that people have the tendency to attribute their own beliefs, opinions, and ideas onto others.
Implicit personality theory
A phenomenon observed when individuals must make judgments that are complex but instead substitute a simpler solution or perception.
Attribute substitution
The violation of norms, rules, or expectations within society
Deviance
The idea that people will lose a sense of self awareness and can act dramatically differently based on the influence of a group.
Deindividuation
A change of behavior of an individual at the request of another.
Compliance
The simultaneous presence of two opposing thoughts or opinions.
Cognitive dissonance
The observation that, when in a group, individuals are less likely to respond to a person in need.
Bystander effect
In psychology, the process by which new information is interpreted in terms of existing schemata; in sociology, the process by which the behavior and culture of a group or an individual begins to merge with that of another group.
Assimilation
A tendency toward expression of positive or negative feelings or evaluations of a person, place, thing, or situation.
Attitude
A psychological and physiological state of being awake and reactive to stimuli; nearly synonymous with alertness.
Arousal
A theory of emotional expression that assumes there are no biologically wired emotions; rather, they are based on experiences and situational context alone.
Social construction model of emotion