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Behavior Modification: What it is & How to do it. > Behavior Modification > Flashcards

Behavior Modification Flashcards

1
Q

What is behavior modification?

A

The systematic application of learning principles to assess and change individuals’ behavior.

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2
Q

What are the two defining characteristics of behavior modification?

A

1) A focus on behavior, and 2) Procedures based on behavioral principles.

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3
Q

What is the primary goal of behavior modification?

A

To improve an individual’s behavior in a socially significant way.

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4
Q

What are target behaviors?

A

Specific actions or patterns of behavior selected for modification.

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5
Q

What is a behavioral excess?

A

A behavior that occurs too frequently, such as overeating or excessive smoking.

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6
Q

What is a behavioral deficit?

A

A behavior that occurs too infrequently, such as a lack of study or social skills.

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7
Q

What is the difference between overt and covert behaviors?

A

Overt behaviors are observable and measurable, while covert behaviors are internal and not directly observable.

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8
Q

What are the four main phases of a behavior modification program?

A

1) Screening or intake, 2) Baseline assessment, 3) Treatment implementation, 4) Follow-up.

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9
Q

What is behavior assessment?

A

The process of gathering and analyzing information about a person’s behavior and the variables influencing it.

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10
Q

Why is behavior measurable in behavior modification?

A

Because it can be defined in observable terms and tracked over time.

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11
Q

What does it mean that behavior modification has a systematic approach?

A

It follows established principles and procedures for changing behavior.

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12
Q

Why is the scientific method important in behavior modification?

A

It ensures that interventions are evidence-based and outcomes are measurable.

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13
Q

How does behavior modification differ from other psychological approaches?

A

It focuses on observable behaviors and environmental factors rather than internal mental states.

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14
Q

What is the historical significance of B.F. Skinner in behavior modification?

A

He developed the operant conditioning model, which is foundational to behavior modification.

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15
Q

What role does the environment play in behavior modification?

A

The environment provides antecedents and consequences that influence behavior.

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16
Q

What is the law of effect and how does it relate to behavior modification?

A

Developed by Thorndike, it states that behaviors followed by satisfying consequences are more likely to recur.

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17
Q

How are ethical considerations addressed in behavior modification?

A

By ensuring informed consent, confidentiality, and using interventions that are in the client’s best interest.

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18
Q

What is applied behavior analysis (ABA)?

A

A scientific approach that applies principles of learning to improve socially significant behaviors.

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19
Q

What is the difference between behavior modification and behavior therapy?

A

Behavior modification focuses on observable behavior change, while behavior therapy may include cognitive components.

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20
Q

How does reinforcement differ from punishment?

A

Reinforcement increases the likelihood of a behavior, while punishment decreases it.

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21
Q

What is the importance of measurable outcomes in behavior modification?

A

They allow practitioners to assess the effectiveness of interventions objectively.

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22
Q

What are some applications of behavior modification in mental health?

A

Treating behaviors related to anxiety, depression, and other disorders using reinforcement and exposure techniques.

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23
Q

How does behavior modification apply to sports psychology?

A

Enhancing performance through mental training, goal setting, and reinforcement of skill-related behaviors.

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24
Q

How can behavior modification be used in parenting?

A

Shaping children’s behaviors by reinforcing desired behaviors and using consequences for undesired ones.

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25
Q

What are examples of behavior modification in healthcare?

A

Improving medication adherence, promoting healthy lifestyles, and managing chronic conditions.

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26
Q

How is behavior modification used in self-management?

A

Employing self-monitoring, goal setting, and reinforcement to change personal habits.

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27
Q

In what ways is behavior modification applied in education?

A

Enhancing academic performance, increasing on-task behavior, and improving social skills.

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28
Q

How can behavior modification benefit organizational behavior management?

A

Improving employee performance, safety behaviors, and productivity through reinforcement strategies.

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29
Q

What is the role of behavior modification in developmental disabilities?

A

Teaching new skills, reducing challenging behaviors, and promoting independence.

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30
Q

How is behavior modification used in community psychology?

A

Addressing social issues like recycling, energy conservation, and public health initiatives.

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31
Q

What are some ethical considerations in applying behavior modification across different settings?

A

Ensuring interventions respect individual rights, are culturally sensitive, and are used for socially valid goals.

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32
Q

How does culture impact the application of behavior modification?

A

Cultural norms and values influence what behaviors are targeted and how interventions are perceived.

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33
Q

What is positive reinforcement?

A

The presentation of a stimulus following a behavior that increases the likelihood of the behavior recurring.

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34
Q

What are primary reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that are naturally reinforcing, such as food, water, or warmth.

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35
Q

What are secondary (conditioned) reinforcers?

A

Reinforcers that acquire their value through association with primary reinforcers, like money or praise.

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36
Q

What is the difference between intrinsic and extrinsic reinforcement?

A

Intrinsic reinforcement comes from within (e.g., personal satisfaction), while extrinsic comes from external sources (e.g., rewards).

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37
Q

How does immediacy affect the effectiveness of reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement is more effective when delivered immediately after the behavior.

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38
Q

What is meant by the term ‘natural reinforcer’?

A

A reinforcer that naturally follows a behavior in the environment without intentional manipulation.

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39
Q

How does positive reinforcement relate to operant conditioning?

A

Positive reinforcement strengthens behavior by adding a desirable stimulus after the behavior.

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40
Q

What is a reinforcement schedule?

A

A rule that describes how and when reinforcement will be delivered.

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41
Q

How does a continuous reinforcement schedule work?

A

Reinforcement is given after every occurrence of the desired behavior.

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42
Q

What is an intermittent reinforcement schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given only some of the time the desired behavior occurs.

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43
Q

What is a fixed-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after a set number of responses.

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44
Q

What is a variable-ratio schedule?

A

Reinforcement is given after an unpredictable number of responses, centered around an average.

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45
Q

What is a fixed-interval schedule?

A

Reinforcement is available after a fixed amount of time has passed.

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46
Q

What is a variable-interval schedule?

A

Reinforcement is available at varying time intervals.

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47
Q

How does the magnitude of reinforcement affect behavior?

A

Generally, larger or more intense reinforcers strengthen behavior more effectively.

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48
Q

What is shaping and how does it relate to reinforcement?

A

Shaping involves reinforcing successive approximations toward a target behavior.

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49
Q

What is response generalization in the context of reinforcement?

A

When reinforcement of a behavior leads to increases in similar behaviors.

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50
Q

What is satiation and how can it affect reinforcement?

A

When a reinforcer loses its effectiveness due to overuse.

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51
Q

What is the Premack Principle?

A

Using a more probable behavior to reinforce a less probable behavior.

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52
Q

What are some potential pitfalls of positive reinforcement?

A

Accidentally reinforcing undesired behaviors or creating dependency on external rewards.

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53
Q

How does deprivation influence the effectiveness of a reinforcer?

A

A reinforcer is more effective when an individual is deprived of it.

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54
Q

What is conditioned reinforcement?

A

A process where a neutral stimulus becomes reinforcing by being paired with a primary reinforcer.

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55
Q

What is a token economy?

A

A system where tokens are earned for desired behaviors and exchanged for backup reinforcers.

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56
Q

What are backup reinforcers in a token economy?

A

The actual rewards or items that tokens can be exchanged for.

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57
Q

What is a generalized conditioned reinforcer?

A

A conditioned reinforcer paired with multiple primary reinforcers, like money.

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58
Q

How does pairing work in establishing conditioned reinforcers?

A

Associating a neutral stimulus with a reinforcing stimulus until the neutral stimulus becomes reinforcing.

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59
Q

What is the role of social reinforcement?

A

Using praise, attention, or approval as reinforcers.

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60
Q

How can conditioned reinforcers be used in classroom settings?

A

Using points or stickers that can be exchanged for privileges.

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61
Q

What is the significance of immediacy in conditioned reinforcement?

A

The conditioned reinforcer should be presented immediately after the desired behavior.

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62
Q

How does extinction apply to conditioned reinforcers?

A

If the conditioned reinforcer is no longer paired with a primary reinforcer, it may lose its effectiveness.

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63
Q

What is a clicker in animal training, and how does it relate to conditioned reinforcement?

A

A device that makes a clicking sound paired with treats to reinforce animal behaviors.

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64
Q

What are some advantages of using conditioned reinforcers?

A

They are less susceptible to satiation and can be delivered more immediately.

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65
Q

How can conditioned reinforcers aid in self-management?

A

Individuals can use self-delivered cues paired with rewards to reinforce their own behaviors.

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66
Q

What is the difference between conditioned and unconditioned reinforcers?

A

Conditioned reinforcers acquire their value through association, while unconditioned reinforcers are naturally reinforcing.

67
Q

How does variability in reinforcement schedules affect conditioned reinforcers?

A

It can make the conditioned reinforcer more resistant to extinction.

68
Q

What is token reinforcement, and how is it applied in therapy?

A

Using tokens as conditioned reinforcers to encourage desired behaviors in therapeutic settings.

69
Q

How can conditioned reinforcers be misused?

A

If not properly paired with primary reinforcers, they may not effectively reinforce behavior.

70
Q

What is a social token, and how is it used?

A

A form of conditioned reinforcer like praise or recognition used to reinforce social behaviors.

71
Q

How do verbal cues function as conditioned reinforcers?

A

Words or phrases become reinforcing when consistently associated with positive outcomes.

72
Q

What is the role of consistency in maintaining conditioned reinforcers?

A

Consistent pairing with primary reinforcers keeps the conditioned reinforcer effective.

73
Q

How can conditioned reinforcement contribute to habit formation?

A

By consistently reinforcing a behavior with conditioned stimuli, habits can be formed.

74
Q

What is extinction in behavior modification?

A

The process of reducing a behavior by withholding the reinforcement that was maintaining it.

75
Q

What is an extinction burst?

A

An initial increase in the frequency or intensity of the behavior when extinction is first applied.

76
Q

What is spontaneous recovery in extinction?

A

The reappearance of an extinguished behavior after some time has passed.

77
Q

How does reinforcement history affect extinction?

A

Behaviors with a long history of reinforcement may take longer to extinguish.

78
Q

What factors influence the effectiveness of extinction?

A

Consistency, reinforcement of alternative behaviors, and the type of reinforcement previously used.

79
Q

Why is it important to identify the reinforcer maintaining a behavior before applying extinction?

A

To ensure the correct reinforcer is withheld, making extinction effective.

80
Q

How can extinction be combined with positive reinforcement to change behavior?

A

By reinforcing alternative, desirable behaviors while extinguishing the undesired behavior.

81
Q

What is resistance to extinction?

A

When a behavior persists despite the absence of reinforcement.

82
Q

How does intermittent reinforcement affect extinction?

A

Behaviors reinforced intermittently are more resistant to extinction.

83
Q

What are side effects of extinction?

A

Frustration, aggression, or emotional responses may occur during extinction.

84
Q

How can extinction be applied in a classroom setting?

A

By ignoring attention-seeking behaviors that are reinforced by teacher attention.

85
Q

What is sensory extinction?

A

Removing the sensory consequences that maintain a behavior.

86
Q

How can extinction be used in self-management?

A

By deliberately withholding self-reinforcement for undesired behaviors.

87
Q

What ethical considerations must be taken when using extinction?

A

Ensuring that withholding reinforcement does not cause harm or undue distress.

88
Q

What is escape extinction?

A

Preventing the removal of an aversive stimulus following a behavior, thereby reducing that behavior.

89
Q

How does setting affect the success of extinction?

A

Extinction is more effective when applied consistently across all settings.

90
Q

What is the difference between extinction and punishment?

A

Extinction involves withholding reinforcement, while punishment introduces an aversive consequence.

91
Q

Can extinction be used with behaviors maintained by automatic reinforcement?

A

It is challenging, but modifying the environment to reduce sensory reinforcement can help.

92
Q

What role does data collection play in extinction procedures?

A

Monitoring behavior helps assess the effectiveness of extinction and make necessary adjustments.

93
Q

How can communication be important when implementing extinction with others involved?

A

Ensuring all parties understand and consistently apply extinction is crucial for success.

94
Q

What is overcorrection, and how does it differ from extinction?

A

Overcorrection requires the individual to correct the consequences of their behavior, whereas extinction removes reinforcement.

95
Q

What is shaping in behavior modification?

A

The process of reinforcing successive approximations toward a desired behavior.

96
Q

What are successive approximations?

A

Small steps or behaviors that progressively resemble the target behavior.

97
Q

When is shaping used?

A

When the target behavior is not currently exhibited by the individual.

98
Q

What are the steps to effectively use shaping?

A

Define the target behavior, identify the starting behavior, choose appropriate reinforcers, reinforce successive approximations.

99
Q

How can shaping be misused?

A

By reinforcing the wrong behaviors or not progressing toward the target behavior.

100
Q

What is differential reinforcement in shaping?

A

Reinforcing only the behaviors that are closer to the target behavior and not reinforcing others.

101
Q

How does extinction play a role in shaping?

A

Behaviors that are not closer approximations are not reinforced and may decrease.

102
Q

What is the importance of timing in shaping?

A

Reinforcement must be delivered immediately after the desired approximation.

103
Q

Can shaping be used to develop complex behaviors?

A

Yes, complex behaviors can be built by reinforcing simpler components sequentially.

104
Q

How is shaping used in animal training?

A

Trainers reinforce small steps toward complex tricks or behaviors.

105
Q

What is the role of creativity in shaping?

A

Allowing variability in behavior can lead to new approximations toward the target behavior.

106
Q

How can prompts be used in conjunction with shaping?

A

Prompts can guide initial behaviors that are then reinforced and shaped.

107
Q

What are some examples of shaping in everyday life?

A

Learning to speak, ride a bike, or play an instrument through gradual improvement.

108
Q

What is back-chaining in shaping?

A

Starting with the last step of a behavior sequence and working backward.

109
Q

How does shaping differ from chaining?

A

Shaping builds behavior by reinforcing approximations, while chaining links sequences of behaviors.

110
Q

What is topography in the context of shaping?

A

The physical form or characteristics of the behavior.

111
Q

How can reinforcement schedules affect shaping?

A

Continuous reinforcement is often used initially, then transitioned to intermittent schedules.

112
Q

What are some challenges in shaping?

A

Identifying appropriate approximations and maintaining the individual’s motivation.

113
Q

How can shaping be applied in language development?

A

Reinforcing babbling, then words, then sentences in children.

114
Q

What is the role of patience in shaping?

A

Progress may be gradual, and consistent reinforcement is necessary for success.

115
Q

How does shaping contribute to skill acquisition?

A

By building on existing behaviors to develop new skills step by step.

116
Q

What is prompting?

A

Providing cues or assistance to encourage the desired behavior.

117
Q

What are the different types of prompts?

A

Physical, verbal, gestural, modeling, and environmental prompts.

118
Q

What is physical prompting?

A

Physically guiding the person through the desired behavior.

119
Q

What is verbal prompting?

A

Using words or instructions to encourage the behavior.

120
Q

What is gestural prompting?

A

Using physical gestures to indicate the desired behavior.

121
Q

What is modeling in prompting?

A

Demonstrating the desired behavior for the individual to imitate.

122
Q

What are environmental prompts?

A

Altering the environment to encourage the desired behavior.

123
Q

What is fading in behavior modification?

A

Gradually removing prompts so that the behavior occurs independently.

124
Q

Why is fading important?

A

To prevent dependency on prompts and promote independent behavior.

125
Q

What is stimulus control?

A

When a behavior is triggered by a specific antecedent stimulus.

126
Q

How does fading establish stimulus control?

A

By transferring control from the prompt to the natural antecedent.

127
Q

What is prompt dependency?

A

When an individual relies on prompts to perform a behavior.

128
Q

What are prompt fading strategies?

A

Decreasing the intensity, frequency, or specificity of prompts over time.

129
Q

What is time delay in prompting?

A

Gradually increasing the time between the natural cue and the prompt.

130
Q

What is least-to-most prompting?

A

Starting with minimal assistance and increasing prompts as needed.

131
Q

What is most-to-least prompting?

A

Starting with maximum assistance and decreasing prompts as the behavior improves.

132
Q

How can prompts be used in teaching new skills?

A

They provide guidance and support until the individual can perform the skill independently.

133
Q

What is graduated guidance?

A

A technique where physical prompts are adjusted in intensity based on the individual’s performance.

134
Q

What is the role of reinforcement in prompting and fading?

A

Reinforcement strengthens the behavior as prompts are faded.

135
Q

How can technology assist in prompting?

A

Using devices like timers, apps, or videos to deliver prompts.

136
Q

What are some challenges in using prompts?

A

Over-prompting, fading too quickly or too slowly, and ensuring prompts are appropriate.

137
Q

How can self-prompting strategies be used?

A

Individuals use checklists, self-instructions, or visual aids to guide their behavior.

138
Q

What is errorless learning in the context of prompting?

A

Teaching methods that prevent errors by providing prompts and fading them systematically.

139
Q

Why is individualization important in prompting and fading?

A

Different individuals may respond better to certain types of prompts and fading schedules.

140
Q

How does the overuse of prompts affect learning?

A

It can hinder independence and slow down the acquisition of the target behavior.

141
Q

What is stimulus fading?

A

Gradually changing the stimulus controlling a behavior to another stimulus.

142
Q

How can prompts be removed completely?

A

Through systematic fading until the natural cues alone trigger the behavior.

143
Q

What is the difference between a prompt and a cue?

A

A prompt is added assistance, while a cue is a natural part of the environment that signals the behavior.

144
Q

How does response generalization apply to prompting and fading?

A

The behavior occurs in the presence of stimuli similar to the original cue.

145
Q

How do positive and negative reinforcement differ?

A

Positive reinforcement adds a stimulus to increase behavior; negative reinforcement removes an aversive stimulus to increase behavior.

146
Q

What is the ABC model in behavior analysis?

A

Antecedent, Behavior, Consequence—the framework for understanding behavior.

147
Q

What is the role of punishment in behavior modification?

A

To decrease the likelihood of a behavior by introducing an aversive consequence or removing a positive one.

148
Q

What is a behavior chain?

A

A sequence of behaviors where each response cues the next and the last produces reinforcement.

149
Q

How can self-monitoring be used in behavior modification?

A

By tracking one’s own behavior, individuals can become more aware and implement changes.

150
Q

What is stimulus discrimination?

A

When a behavior occurs in the presence of one stimulus but not others.

151
Q

How does generalization differ from discrimination?

A

Generalization is responding similarly to different stimuli; discrimination is responding differently to different stimuli.

152
Q

What is respondent conditioning?

A

Also known as classical conditioning; learning through association between stimuli.

153
Q

How do operant and respondent conditioning differ?

A

Operant conditioning involves voluntary behaviors and consequences; respondent conditioning involves involuntary responses and antecedents.

154
Q

What is functional behavior assessment (FBA)?

A

A process for identifying the purpose or function of a behavior.

155
Q

Why is understanding the function of a behavior important?

A

It guides the selection of effective interventions.

156
Q

What are the common functions of behavior?

A

Attention, escape, access to tangibles, and sensory stimulation.

157
Q

How does modeling influence behavior change?

A

Observing others can lead to the acquisition of new behaviors.

158
Q

What is contingency management?

A

Changing behavior by modifying the consequences, such as reinforcement or punishment.

159
Q

How can goal setting enhance behavior modification efforts?

A

Clear goals provide direction and criteria for success.

160
Q

What is behavioral momentum?

A

Using high-probability behaviors to increase compliance with low-probability behaviors.

161
Q

How do ethics play a role in behavior modification?

A

Practitioners must ensure interventions are safe, effective, and respect the individual’s rights.

162
Q

What is the importance of maintenance in behavior modification?

A

Ensuring that behavior changes persist over time.

163
Q

How can relapse prevention be incorporated into behavior modification?

A

By identifying triggers and developing coping strategies to maintain behavior change.

164
Q

What is social validity in behavior modification?

A

The acceptability and relevance of interventions and outcomes to the individual and society.

Behavior Modification: What it is & How to do it. (3 decks)

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