Behavior I, II, and III Flashcards
behavior
- things you do on the inside
- things you do on the outside
Behavioral science
the scientific study of behavior
psychology
study of behavior, including its causes
unit: individual
cognitive psychology
- studies how we think, how we perceive and how we remember, priming effects, how we apply schemas, how attention is attracted/allocated
- unit: individual
social psychology
- how we act and react
- how the individual thinks, feels, and behaves in these situations
unit: individual
social cognition
- how people think in social contexts
- stereotyping is related to social cognition
unit: individual
learning theory
- studies the principles of classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning
- how our brains are wired to learn, or to NOT learn
unit: individual
clinical psychology
- studies principles of psychopathology
personality psychology
- studies the ways that people differ in their responses to life situations (ex: introverted/extroverted; level of emotional intelligence; etc)
communication
- study of human communication
- nonverbal, persuasion, social support, power relationships, deception, face, politeness, conflict management
unit: dyad (sender and receiver) or group (ex, speaker and audience)
sociology
study of how society functions, including the effects of socioeconomic status, race, gender, and sexual orientation, as well as roles and the organization and functioning of professions, including socializing people into roles
-important in understanding public behavior
unit: social group
anthropology
- how societies/cultures differ in their functioning
unit: culture or subculture
psychiatry
- study primarily of psychopathology and its remediation/management
unit: individual
family therapy
- study of psychopathology in interactions between people, including couples, nuclear families, and extended families, but potentially also friends, business partners, or medical offices
unit: interacting group
psychosomatic medicine
- how psychological factors influence physical disease
- behavioral medicine and health psychology: use of behavioral methods to influence patient behaviors towards decreasing disease or increasing health
unit: individual or group (on a public health level)
behavioral medicine and health psychology
use of behavioral methods to influence patient behaviors towards decreasing disease or increasing health
unit: individual or group
schema
set of all the feelings and ideas someone has about some particular thing, often including possible variations and assumptions, and having multiple aspects and subaspects
metacognition
thinking about how you think
ex: being on guard for potential biases
examples of schemas
- every diagnostic category
- stereotypes
- for kinds of interactions or events
- person schemas (schemas for specific people): will affect how you approach them/interact with them
- self-schema
stereotype threat
stereotypes can also affect the stereotypes person
the threat is the stereotype of you held by others and maybe by you of yourself
transference
transferring of a map (schema) learned earlier, particularly growing up, to a present situation where it doesn’t fit well
countertransference
ex: the feelings that a doctor has toward a patient that come from the doctor’s past experience (not this patient in particular)
self-esteem
how worthy we feel as a person
self-efficacy
how likely we think we will be in accomplishing life tasks
impression management
draws on the concept of a schema (from cognitive psychology), on roles (from sociology and anthropology), and communication styles (from communication studies)
self-enahncement
you want to be seen by others in certain ways and you want to not be seen by others in certain other ways
excessive self-enhancement is called what?
bragging
operant conditioning
a type of learning in which an individual’s behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences
(ex: being rewarded for certain actions/behaviors and you are likely to repeat the behavior if rewarded)
self-verification
desire to have you see me as (I think) I am
self-enhancement is for what
for someone to see me positively
self-verification is for what
for someone to see my as i see myself
what is our social face
the person/character/mask we present to the world as being
what are two key aspects to preserving our patient’s face
- acceptance (help patients save face by not being judgmental or by not being otherwise rejecting)
- autonomy (help patients save face by involving them in decision making)
self-deception
distorting the facts to maintain a positive view of myself
Law of Effect (operant conditioning)
- if a behavior is followed by something good, then that behavior will become more frequent
- if something bad follows, the behavior decreases in frequency
- behavior itself is an operant that we condition with rewards and punishments
- law of effect = operant conditioning = behavior modification
high frequency behaviors can reinforce low frequency behaviors
checking your phone a lot? checking your phone can be a reward for an hour of studying
reinforcement schedule
the rule by which rewards and punishments are applied
what are some possible reinforcement schedules?
- for discrete actions: fixed ratio, variable ratio
- for continuous actions (studying or coming to work): fixed interval, variable interval
extinction
to stop the reinforcement schedule all together
reinforcer
something that increases behavior
punishment
something that decreases behavior
“positive” reinforcement/punishment
adding something
“negative” reinforcement/punishment
taking something away
shaping
to shape a behavior - gradually get it to where you want it to be
four steps of changing behavior
- identify behavior to be changed
- identify rewards and/or punishments that are likely to work for you
- be clear what the rules are
- carry out the rewards and punishments just like you said you would
cognitive dissonance
- a feeling of clash or dissonance between two cognitions (thoughts, memories, beliefs, values)
- having cognitions at odds with one another is uncomfortable
- cognitive dissonance theory goes on to say people try to “resolve the dissonance” by changing one or more of the cognitions
cognitive accessibility
two things that are about equal, but at odds, and you favor one of the other (unknowingly perhaps) because of its accessibility
what is the solution to potential unethical behavior driven by cognitive dissonance or cognitive accessibility?
know that you are susceptible to these cognitive influences and, when you can, avoid the situation that might lead to them
