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Foundations Week 6 > Behavior I, II, and III > Flashcards

Behavior I, II, and III Flashcards

0
Q

behavior

A
  • things you do on the inside

- things you do on the outside

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1
Q

Behavioral science

A

the scientific study of behavior

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2
Q

psychology

A

study of behavior, including its causes

unit: individual

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3
Q

cognitive psychology

A
  • studies how we think, how we perceive and how we remember, priming effects, how we apply schemas, how attention is attracted/allocated
  • unit: individual
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4
Q

social psychology

A
  • how we act and react
  • how the individual thinks, feels, and behaves in these situations

unit: individual

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5
Q

social cognition

A
  • how people think in social contexts
  • stereotyping is related to social cognition
    unit: individual
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6
Q

learning theory

A
  • studies the principles of classical and operant conditioning, as well as observational learning
  • how our brains are wired to learn, or to NOT learn

unit: individual

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7
Q

clinical psychology

A
  • studies principles of psychopathology
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8
Q

personality psychology

A
  • studies the ways that people differ in their responses to life situations (ex: introverted/extroverted; level of emotional intelligence; etc)
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9
Q

communication

A
  • study of human communication
  • nonverbal, persuasion, social support, power relationships, deception, face, politeness, conflict management

unit: dyad (sender and receiver) or group (ex, speaker and audience)

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10
Q

sociology

A

study of how society functions, including the effects of socioeconomic status, race, gender, and sexual orientation, as well as roles and the organization and functioning of professions, including socializing people into roles
-important in understanding public behavior

unit: social group

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11
Q

anthropology

A
  • how societies/cultures differ in their functioning

unit: culture or subculture

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12
Q

psychiatry

A
  • study primarily of psychopathology and its remediation/management
    unit: individual
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13
Q

family therapy

A
  • study of psychopathology in interactions between people, including couples, nuclear families, and extended families, but potentially also friends, business partners, or medical offices
    unit: interacting group
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14
Q

psychosomatic medicine

A
  • how psychological factors influence physical disease
  • behavioral medicine and health psychology: use of behavioral methods to influence patient behaviors towards decreasing disease or increasing health

unit: individual or group (on a public health level)

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15
Q

behavioral medicine and health psychology

A

use of behavioral methods to influence patient behaviors towards decreasing disease or increasing health

unit: individual or group

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16
Q

schema

A

set of all the feelings and ideas someone has about some particular thing, often including possible variations and assumptions, and having multiple aspects and subaspects

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17
Q

metacognition

A

thinking about how you think

ex: being on guard for potential biases

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18
Q

examples of schemas

A
  • every diagnostic category
  • stereotypes
  • for kinds of interactions or events
  • person schemas (schemas for specific people): will affect how you approach them/interact with them
  • self-schema
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19
Q

stereotype threat

A

stereotypes can also affect the stereotypes person

the threat is the stereotype of you held by others and maybe by you of yourself

20
Q

transference

A

transferring of a map (schema) learned earlier, particularly growing up, to a present situation where it doesn’t fit well

21
Q

countertransference

A

ex: the feelings that a doctor has toward a patient that come from the doctor’s past experience (not this patient in particular)

22
Q

self-esteem

A

how worthy we feel as a person

23
Q

self-efficacy

A

how likely we think we will be in accomplishing life tasks

24
Q

impression management

A

draws on the concept of a schema (from cognitive psychology), on roles (from sociology and anthropology), and communication styles (from communication studies)

25
Q

self-enahncement

A

you want to be seen by others in certain ways and you want to not be seen by others in certain other ways

26
Q

excessive self-enhancement is called what?

A

bragging

27
Q

operant conditioning

A

a type of learning in which an individual’s behavior is modified by its antecedents and consequences
(ex: being rewarded for certain actions/behaviors and you are likely to repeat the behavior if rewarded)

28
Q

self-verification

A

desire to have you see me as (I think) I am

29
Q

self-enhancement is for what

A

for someone to see me positively

30
Q

self-verification is for what

A

for someone to see my as i see myself

31
Q

what is our social face

A

the person/character/mask we present to the world as being

32
Q

what are two key aspects to preserving our patient’s face

A
  • acceptance (help patients save face by not being judgmental or by not being otherwise rejecting)
  • autonomy (help patients save face by involving them in decision making)
33
Q

self-deception

A

distorting the facts to maintain a positive view of myself

34
Q

Law of Effect (operant conditioning)

A
  • if a behavior is followed by something good, then that behavior will become more frequent
  • if something bad follows, the behavior decreases in frequency
  • behavior itself is an operant that we condition with rewards and punishments
  • law of effect = operant conditioning = behavior modification
35
Q

high frequency behaviors can reinforce low frequency behaviors

A

checking your phone a lot? checking your phone can be a reward for an hour of studying

36
Q

reinforcement schedule

A

the rule by which rewards and punishments are applied

37
Q

what are some possible reinforcement schedules?

A
  • for discrete actions: fixed ratio, variable ratio

- for continuous actions (studying or coming to work): fixed interval, variable interval

38
Q

extinction

A

to stop the reinforcement schedule all together

39
Q

reinforcer

A

something that increases behavior

40
Q

punishment

A

something that decreases behavior

41
Q

“positive” reinforcement/punishment

A

adding something

42
Q

“negative” reinforcement/punishment

A

taking something away

43
Q

shaping

A

to shape a behavior - gradually get it to where you want it to be

44
Q

four steps of changing behavior

A
  • identify behavior to be changed
  • identify rewards and/or punishments that are likely to work for you
  • be clear what the rules are
  • carry out the rewards and punishments just like you said you would
45
Q

cognitive dissonance

A
  • a feeling of clash or dissonance between two cognitions (thoughts, memories, beliefs, values)
  • having cognitions at odds with one another is uncomfortable
  • cognitive dissonance theory goes on to say people try to “resolve the dissonance” by changing one or more of the cognitions
46
Q

cognitive accessibility

A

two things that are about equal, but at odds, and you favor one of the other (unknowingly perhaps) because of its accessibility

47
Q

what is the solution to potential unethical behavior driven by cognitive dissonance or cognitive accessibility?

A

know that you are susceptible to these cognitive influences and, when you can, avoid the situation that might lead to them

Foundations Week 6 (12 decks)

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