Behavior Change Models Flashcards
What is behavior change?
Reduction or elimination of destructive behaviors.
How are behavior changes achieved?
- Promotion of healthier lifestyles (exercise, safe sex, leisure activities, stress management, time management)
- Adherence to medical regimens (taking medications, check glucose, regular screenings)
What are the three models we have covered thus far?
- Transtheoretical Model/Stages of Change Model
- Self-efficacy Model
- Health Belief Model
Father of Classical Conditioning?
Pavlov
Father of Operant Conditioning?
Skinner
Define classical conditioning.
a learning process in which an innate response to a potent stimulus comes to be elicited in response to a previously neutral stimulus; this is achieved by repeated pairings of the neutral stimulus with the potent stimulus.
Define operant conditioning.
A learning process in which the likelihood of a specific behavior is increased or decreased through positive or negative reinforcement each time the behavior is exhibited, so that the subject comes to associate the pleasure or displeasure of the reinforcement with the behavior.
Define positive reinforcement. What is its effect on behavior?
Addition of an award following a positive behavior. Positive reinforcement increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated.
Define negative reinforcement. What is its effect on behavior?
Removal of a noxious stimuli following a positive behavior. Negative reinforcement increases the likelihood a behavior will be repeated.
When should positive reinforcement/reward not be used?
Following an undesired behavior as it will reinforce the behavior and increase the likeliness it will occur again. Ex. child having a temper tantrum in a store and a mother buying him/her candy to try to calm them.
Define positive punishment. What is its effect on behavior?
Addition of a negative stimuli following an undesired behavior. Punishment serves to decrease unwanted behaviors. Ex. spanking a child after cursing
Define negative punishment. What is its effect on behavior?
Removal of a positive stimuli to decrease the likelihood of a behavior recurring. Ex. grounding a child for staying out too late
What are the different stimuli/responses associated with classical conditioning?
Unconditioned stimulus, unconditioned response, conditioned stimulus, conditioned response (always the same as unconditioned response)
Thomas has wet hands after washing them. He rubs them in the towel and the water is now removed from them. He knows that every time he doesn’t want his hands to remain wet he can use a towel to get rid of the water. He now uses a towel every time he wants to remove the water from his hands. What is this an example of?
Negative reinforcement. The water on his hands was present before he rubbed them in the towel. His behaviour of rubbing his hands in the towel removes the water and he uses a towel every time he wants this to happen. Therefore negative reinforcement is occurring.
Johnny comes running into his mother after being outside in the hot sun playing with his friends. He exclaims “I’m really thirsty! Can I have some coke please Mam?” His mother says “Of course you can Johnny!” and promptly gets a bottle of coke from the refrigerator and pours him a glass. He gulps it down. What is this an example of?
Positive reinforcement. In this example, Johnny had no coke but wanted some, his behaviour (asking for coke) led to him getting what he wanted. Johnny’s request for coke was positively reinforced by him being given some. By being given what he wanted he is also more likely to ask this question again at a later time when he is thirsty and so there will be an increased future frequency of that behaviour.
A toddler hits his baby brother. The toddler is not allowed to watch Sesame Street. What is this an example of?
Negative punishment.
A student talks back to her teacher. The student loses recess. What is this an example of?
Negative punishment.
A woman goes to work early so she doesn’t hit commuter traffic and arrive late. What is this an example of?
Negative reinforcement.
A child cleans up a messy table so that his mother doesn’t yell. What is this an example of?
Negative reinforcement.
Because you’re late to work one morning, you drive over the speed limit through a school zone. As a result, you get pulled over by a police officer and receive a ticket. What is this an example of?
Positive punishment.
Your cell phone rings in the middle of a class lecture, and you are scolded by your teacher for not turning your phone off prior to class. What is this an example of?
Positive punishment.
After you execute a turn during a skiing lesson, your instructor shouts out, “Great job!” What is this an example of?
Positive reinforcement.
The child initially showed no fear of a white rat, but after the presentation of the rat was paired repeatedly with loud, scary sounds, the child would cry when the rat was present. What is this an example of?
Classical Conditioning US: Loud noise UR: Fear CS: Seeing rat CR: Fear
Describe behavior antecedents.
A stimulus that cues an organism to perform a learned behavior. It comes before the behavior, triggering the behavior.
Describe behavioral consequences.
A stimulus that occurs after a behavior. Ex. reward/positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, or punishment.
Counter conditioning
Replacing the bad behavior with a good behavior
What does your behavior baseline measure?
How often you participate in a behavior before you begin to change it. Take this measurement before attempting behavior change.
What is better… immediate or delayed reinforcement?
Immediate. If delayed the reinforcement must be large enough to be worth the behavior change.
Schedule of reinforcement… fixed or intermittent?
Fixed: good for learning new behaviors
Intermittent: good for maintaining new behaviors
What type of reinforcement works best for inducing behavior change and what type works best for maintaining learned behavior?
Negative reinforcement works best for inducing behavior change and positive reinforcement works best for maintaining learned behavior.
What idea is the self-efficacy model founded on?
People will do what they think they can do; they won’t do what they don’t think they can do
According to self-efficacy model, how will greater self-efficacy affect a behavior change?
Increased likelihood of change.
What is self-efficacy?
Belief in one’s own ability to successfully accomplish something.
What are four factors that influence self-efficacy?
- Mastery experience
- Verbal persuasion
- Vicarious experience
- Somatic & emotional states
What is a mastery experience? How does it affect self-efficacy?
When someone has been successful at doing something. It increases self-efficacy because the individual is more likely to think they can accomplish similar tasks.
How can you increase self-efficacy with a mastery experience?
Provide opportunities for people to feel successful on both simple and difficult tasks. Build these experiences into a behavior change plan and build on them as you move closer to goal.
Ex. Want pt to exercise more; ask them to walk 2x a week.
What is a vicarious experience?
Observation of the successes and failures of other who are similar to you.
Ex. Weight Watchers
What is verbal persuasion?
People are more likely to do a task when persuaded verbally that they can achieve it. People tend to give up more easily when they are told they can’t do something.
Ex. coaches & trainers
What is somatic and emotional states and how to they relate to self-efficacy?
States that occur when one contemplates doing something, they provide clues as to likelihood of success or failure.
Ex. stress, worry, anxiety, fear: negatively affect self-efficacy; improving emotional state can improve self-efficacy
Why was the health belief model developed?
To explain why people would or would not use health services.
What are the theoretical constructs of the health belief model?
- Perceived threat
- Perceived susceptibility
- Perceived severity and seriousness - Perceived benefits
- Perceived barriers
- Cues to action
- Self-efficacy
- Modifying variables
How do you create a behavior change using the health belief model?*
- cost benefit analysis (threats vs. benefits vs. barriers)
- cue to action
- self-efficacy/confidence to take action
What is perceived susceptibility?
One’s opinion of the chance of getting a disease/condition. It is a part of perceived threat. Ex. COPD in the future, have time to fix smoking habits later.
Health belief model.
What is perceived seriousness?
One’s opinion of the seriousness of a condition and its consequences. It is a part of perceived threat.
Ex. immediate adverse effects are taken more seriously than future adverse effects
Health belief model.
What are perceived benefits?
One’s opinion of the efficacy of the advised action to reduce risk… how advantageous is change going to be?
Health belief model.
What are perceived barriers?
One’s opinion of the cost to overcome the barriers, belief that one is capable.
What is the most important construct of the health belief model? This construct has the largest influence on whether a person changes behavior or not.
Perceived barriers.
What are cues to action and what model are they involved in?
Triggers needed to activate readiness to change. Health belief model. Normally these cues induce fear; sometimes they can be positive.
Ex. parent died of related disease to a negative behavior or wanting to be active enough to play with grandchildren
What is self-efficacy and how does it relate to the Health belief model?
Confidence in one’s ability to take action.
What are modifying variables? How do they affect health-behaviors?
Culture, education, past experiences, skill indirectly affect health-related behaviors by affecting perceived seriousness, susceptibility, benefits, and barriers.
Health belief model.
