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Earth and Life Sci > BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE > Flashcards

BEGINNING OF THE UNIVERSE Flashcards

1
Q

There were different theories that tried to explain the formation of the solar system, but the most popular of these was the _______________

A

BIG BANG THEORY

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2
Q

Who was the first person to suggest the Big Bang Theory? When?

A

Georges Lemaître, 1920

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3
Q

This theory states how the universe began with a big explosion

A

Big Bang Theory

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4
Q

When did the Big Bang Explosion happen?

A

About 10 to 20 billion years ago

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5
Q

What were the two factors that caused the Big Bang explosion?

A

Extremely high pressure and temperature

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6
Q

2 Evidences of the Big Bang Theory

A
  • Expansion of the universe
  • Cosmic microwave background radiation
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7
Q

This was thought to be the oldest
remnant of the big bang.

A

Cosmic microwave background radiation

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8
Q

What are the 9 theories that tried to explain the formation of the universe?

A

STEADY STATE UNIVERSE THEORY
OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY
NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS/ PLANETESIMAL
THEORY
FISSION THEORY
CAPTURE THEORY
ACCRETION THEORY
PLANETARY COLLISION THEORY
STELLAR COLLISION THEORY
GAS CLOUD THEORY

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9
Q

New matter is quietly but continually
appearing out of nothing from the spaces in the galaxies.

A

STEADY STATE UNIVERSE THEORY

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10
Q

Another big bang will occur when the
universe starts to run down.

A

OSCILLATING UNIVERSE THEORY

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11
Q

As gas swirled around, eddies of gas
caused the formation of the sun and
planets.

A

NEBULAR HYPOTHESIS/ PLANETESIMAL
THEORY

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12
Q

Bursting of the sun sent out the planets
and moons.

A

FISSION THEORY

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13
Q

Planets and moons were wandering
around and were captured by the sun.

A

CAPTURE THEORY

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14
Q

Small chunks of materials gradually
combined and formed Earth, then more
chunks formed the moon.

A

ACCRETION THEORY

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15
Q

Earth collided with a small planet,
producing the moon.

A

PLANETARY COLLISION THEORY

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16
Q

Two stars collided and formed the
planets and moons.

A

STELLAR COLLISION THEORY

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17
Q

Gas clouds were pulled by sun’s
gravity, then formed into planets and
moons.

A

GAS CLOUD THEORY

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18
Q

Before the big bang theory was
introduced, the ancient Greeks
believed in the ______________

A

Geocentric model

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19
Q

An orbital model that assumes that Earth is at the center of the universe

A

Geocentric model

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20
Q

What was the problem with the geocentric model?

A

Some planets seem to move
backward instead of the usual forward
around Earth.

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21
Q

Who solved the geocentric model problem in 150 AD?

A

Ptolemy

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22
Q

A system of circles that describe the
movement of the planets around Earth.

A

Ptolemic Model

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23
Q

The small circle where a planet
moves is called an _______.

A

Epicycle

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24
Q

The epicycle moves around a bigger circle known as _________.

A

deferent

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25
Q

Who proposed the Heliocentric model?

A

Nicolaus Copernicus

26
Q

Earth-centered:
Sun-centered:

A

Geocentric model
Heliocentric model

27
Q

German astronomer _______________
then polished the heliocentric model and proposed that planets move around the sun in an elliptical motion.

A

Johannes Kepler

28
Q

Kepler’s proposal was a revolutionary idea and provided a better explanation for the movement of the heavenly bodies, but it was not immediately accepted until the works of ______ confirmed the heliocentric
model.

A

Galileo Galilei

29
Q

The time when the geocentric model of the universe was widely accepted was called the ______________

A

Copernican Revolution

30
Q

First stars after bigbang

A

White dwarfs

31
Q

Age of the oldest white dwarf

A

12-13 billion yrs old

32
Q

Scientists estimated the age of the universe to be ____________

A

at least 14 billion yrs old

33
Q

How did the solar system form?

A

Through a nebula

34
Q

A nebula is a cloud of ____ and ______ found in space.

A

gas and dust

35
Q

Gases in a nebula

A

Hydrogen, helium

36
Q

Dust particles in a nebula

A

Mainly carbon and iron

37
Q

Forces that affect the formation of planets

A

Gravity and pressure

38
Q

When balance is disturbed and changed,
some particles are compressed together to form a small region or ________

A

a globule

39
Q

The source of power in the solar system, which may look solid but is actually made up of gases held together by
gravity.

A

Sun

40
Q

______ is formed at the center of the sun by hydrogen atoms.

A

Helium

41
Q

______ is formed at the center of the sun by hydrogen atoms.

A

Helium

42
Q

Composition of the sun

A

Helium and hydrogen

43
Q

The atmosphere of the Sun is formed by its ________

A

outer layers

44
Q

Three internal structures of the sun

A

core, the radiative zone, and the
convective zone

45
Q

Tools to measure sun’s temperature

A

Parker Solar Probe and remote telescopes that employ spectroscopic
data.

46
Q

Temperature of the sun:
Core (hottest) -
Photosphere (relatively cold) -

A

27 million°F (15 million°C)

10,000° F (5,500°C).

47
Q

The centre most region of
the Sun; this is the region
where Hydrogen turns into
Helium through the nuclear
fusion reaction.

A

Core

48
Q

Between the core and the
convection zone; by means of
radiative diffusion and thermal
conduction, the energy in this
layer transports outside, which
travels in the form of
electromagnetic radiation by
photons.

A

Radiative zone

49
Q

The outermost layer of the
Sun’s interior. This zone
uses convection mode to
transfer energy. The
temperature at its base is
about 2 million degrees
Celsius.

A

Convection zone

50
Q

Six layers of sun’s atmosphere

A

Photosphere, Chromosphere, Corona, Sunspots, Solar flares, Solar winds

51
Q

It has a thickness of about 500 KM, and
all the visible light from the Sun comes from this layer.

With temperature coming down to approximately 5500 degrees Celsius, it is said to be the coolest part of the Sun because with an increase in height, the
temperature drops.

A

Photosphere

52
Q

The dark spots on the surface of the Sun; this happens because the region becomes darker and cooler than the surroundings due to intense magnetic fields on the surface.

A

Sunspots

53
Q

The dark spots on the surface of the Sun; this happens because the region becomes darker and cooler than the surroundings due to intense magnetic fields on the surface.

A

Sunspots

54
Q

____________ is visible as a dim red ring, and it lies just above the Photosphere.
Only during the Solar Eclipses, when the Photosphere is hidden, visible light from the it can be seen.
With the increase in height, its temperature increases.

A

Chromosphere

55
Q

________ layer is the outermost layer of the Sun’s atmosphere, and it lies above the Chromosphere. During a total Solar Eclipse, it can be seen as a white glowing thing.

A

Corona

56
Q

When magnetic energy is suddenly released, immediate flashy and increased brightness occurs,
Magnetic irregularities are the reason for their occurrence.

A

Solar flares

57
Q

The flow of energized, charged particles at a very high speed.
At a temperature equal to 1 million degrees Celsius, the speed is as high as 900 km/s. It is composed of plasma and generally contains protons, electrons, and alpha particles.

A

Solar winds

58
Q

Latin word for anything sun-related

A

Solis

59
Q

Classifications of a planet

A

-orbits around the sun
-sufficient mass for self gravity
-cleared the neighborhood around its orbit

60
Q

Revolution and rotation of planets:

Mercury:
Venus:
Earth:
Mars:
Jupiter:
Saturn:
Uranus:
Neptune:

A
  1. 88 days, 59 days
  2. 225 days, 224 days

Earth and Life Sci (2 decks)

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