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Earth and Life Sci > 2nd Sem > Flashcards

2nd Sem Flashcards

1
Q

Small bodies in the solar system

A

Asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets

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2
Q

______ and _______ are cosmic objects that are like miniature terrestrial planets because of their rocky and metallic composition

A

Asteroids and meteoroids

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3
Q

Heavenly bodies composed mainly of ice, dust, and a little of rocky materials

A

Comets

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4
Q

Asteroids are located ________

A

Between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars (Asteroid Belt)

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5
Q

How many asteroids are there in the solar system?

A

An estimate of at least one or two million

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6
Q

Types of Asteroids

A

Chrondrite, Stony, Metallic

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7
Q

Comets completely orbit the sun within how many years?

A

hundreds or thousands of years

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8
Q

How big is an asteroid?

A

100 m diameter

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9
Q

How big is the nucleus of a comet?

A

1-10 km diameter

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10
Q

A result of escaping gas that carries dust particles from the surface of a comet

A

Halo

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11
Q

Tails of comet length

A

At least millions of kilometers

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12
Q

It is the central part of the comet. It occupies the central position, also known as the core.

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

The nucleus consists mostly of _____, _____, and ______ particles covered with dark organic matter

A

ice, gases, and dust

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14
Q

The _____is the most visible portion of the comet surrounding the nucleus. Along with the nucleus, they form the comet’s head

A

Coma

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15
Q

It is the only invisible layer of the comet found surrounding the coma

A

Hydrogen Envelope

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16
Q

It is made of electrically charged molecules of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. Also called the plasma or gas tail

A

Ion Tail

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17
Q

It is made of small dust particles that evaporate from the nucleus, pushing them away from the comet due to sunlight pressure

A

Dust tail

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18
Q

Debris and remnants of the dust from comets and asteroids

A

Meteoroids

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19
Q

Meteoroid that enters the atmosphere

A

Meteor

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20
Q

_______happens when Earth comes across a group of meteoroids traveling alongside it or in the same direction as Earth.

A

Meteor display

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21
Q

Meteor that touches the Earth’s surface

A

Meteorite

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22
Q

Three types of meteorite according to composition

A

Iron with nickel, stony or chondrite, and stony-iron

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23
Q

Types of Asteroids: Chondrite composition

A

Clay and silicate rocks

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24
Q

Types of asteroids: Stony composition

A

Silicate materials and nickel-iron

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25
Types of asteroids: Metallic composition
Nickel and iron
26
Types of meteoroids
Iron, stony, stony-iron
27
Iron meteoroid composition
Nickel-iron, sulfide
28
Stony meteoroid composition
Silicate materials
29
Stony-iron composition
Silicate materials and nickel-iron
30
________are round in shape and orbit the Sun just like the eight major planets. But unlike planets, they are not able to clear their orbital path so there are no similar objects at roughly the same distance from the Sun
Dwarf planets
31
4 major spheres of the Earth
Hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere
32
Greek origins Hydro: ______ Atmo: _______ Geo: ________ Bio: ______
Water, air, ground, life
33
It is made up of all the water found on Earth on its surface, underground, and in the air. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams,oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers,water vapor, clouds, and any form of precipitation like rain and snow.
Hydrosphere
34
Water cycle
Evaporation -> condensation -> precipitation -> collection
35
_______is made up of all the living organisms on the planet. These living things are found on the surface, underground, and even those reaching a kilometer above the surface of Earth. It includes the plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that thrive on the planet even in the most extreme environments in the depths and corners of the Earth
Biosphere
36
Bacteria that thrive in heat
Thermophiles
37
Bacteria that thrive in cold
Cryophiles
38
________, from the Greek word ‘ground’, is composed of all the rocks, minerals, and soil on Earth. This includes not only the mountains, continents, ocean floor, sand in the deserts, and bedrocks but it also includes Earth’s interior layers
Geosphere
39
__________refers to the solid and rigid outer layer that includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.
Lithosphere
40
Below this sphere is the_________, which consists of the solid but mobile part of the mantle that can flow depending on the heat deep within Earth.
Asthenosphere
41
Rock cycle
Magma —-> Igneous rock ——> Sediments —> Sedimentary rocks ——> Metamorphic rocks ——> Magma
42
-In Center and hottest layer -Made up of iron and nickel -Solid -Engine of the Earth
Inner core
43
Temperature of inner core
5500 C
44
-Hot ball of metals -Liquid metals -Composed of Iron and nickel
Outer core
45
Temperature of outer core
4000 F to 90000 F
46
_______is the widest section of the Earth. Its thickness is approximately 2,900 km. It is mainly made up of semi- molten rock known as magma. The rock is hard in the upper part of it, but lower down the rock is softer and begins to melt.
Mantle
47
The _____ is the outer layer where we live. The thickness is around 0-60 km.
Crust
48
Two types of crust
Continental and oceanic
49
_____ is the body of gas that envelops the Earth.
Atmosphere
50
Earth’s gas content: Nitrogen: Oxygen: Carbon dioxide:
78%, 20.9%, the rest
51
Layers of the atmosphere
Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere
52
Lowest layer of the atmosphere. We live here and most of the weather occurs here. Clouds are here as 99% of water vapor is here. 10 km
Troposphere
53
50 km to the ground. Ozone layer sits here. Absorbs UV light. Commercial Jets fly here.
Stratosphere
54
85 km to ground. Meteors burn up here. Air is far too thin to breathe. Pressure at 1%
Mesosphere
55
High energy C rays and UV rays are absorbed here. The approximate boundary of our atmosphere and outer space. Home to international space station. Where low orbit satellites sit
Thermosphere
56
The approximate boundary of our atmosphere and outer space known as ______.
Karman Line
57
Actual final frontier of Earth’s gaseous envelope. Separates the Earth and the atmosphere. 10000 km. No air.
Exosphere
58
The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the name and endowing this region with some special properties. The aurora, or Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the parts of the thermosphere that correspond to layers of it.
Ionosphere
59
Naturally-occuring substance which is solid, crystalline, stable at room temperature, and inorganic
Mineral
60
Physical properties of mineral
Luster, Hardness, Crystal form, Color, chemical composition
61
Ranks the hardness of minerals from 1-10
Mohs’ Scale
62
Minerals fused together
Rocks
63
Three types of rocks
Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic
64
Rocks formed from magma
Igneous
65
Eroded rocks
Sedimentary
66
Heated and Pressurized rocks
Metamorphic
67
Processes that occur near the Earth’s surface
Exogenic processes
68
Types of exogenic processes
Weathering, erosion, mass movement
69
Breakdown of materials physically or chemically
Weathering
70
Agents of physical weathering
Heat and pressure, wind and waves, freeze and thaw, organic activity,
71
Agents of chemical weathering
Hydration, Carbonation, oxidation,
72
Agents of erosion
Ice, water, wind, gravity
73
Moving of rocks from one place to another
Erosion
74
Erosion influenced by gravity
Mass movement
75
______ are those that occur or are created under the Earth's surface
Endogenic processes
76
Main endogenic processes
Faulting and folding
77
Where do the folding and faulting take plce
Plate boundaries
78
Two forces pushes towards each other
Folding
79
Fracturing of ground due to tension or compression
Faulting
80
Three types of fault
Normal (convergence) reverse (divergence) tear (transform)
81
Subsequent endogenic processes
Volcanism, metamorphism, earthquake
82
the theory that Earth's outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core.
Plate tectonic theory
83
Who proposed plate teconics
Alfred Wegener
84
_______at one point in time, all of the continents were joined together as one large mass of land, then the land spread apart and drifted into their current positions.
Continental drift
85
Evidences of continental drift
Fossil similarities, geological matches, climate evidence

Earth and Life Sci (2 decks)

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