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Earth and Life Sci > 2nd Sem > Flashcards

2nd Sem Flashcards

1
Q

Small bodies in the solar system

A

Asteroids, comets, meteoroids, dwarf planets

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2
Q

______ and _______ are cosmic objects that are like miniature terrestrial planets because of their rocky and metallic composition

A

Asteroids and meteoroids

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3
Q

Heavenly bodies composed mainly of ice, dust, and a little of rocky materials

A

Comets

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4
Q

Asteroids are located ________

A

Between the orbits of Jupiter and Mars (Asteroid Belt)

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5
Q

How many asteroids are there in the solar system?

A

An estimate of at least one or two million

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6
Q

Types of Asteroids

A

Chrondrite, Stony, Metallic

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7
Q

Comets completely orbit the sun within how many years?

A

hundreds or thousands of years

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8
Q

How big is an asteroid?

A

100 m diameter

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9
Q

How big is the nucleus of a comet?

A

1-10 km diameter

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10
Q

A result of escaping gas that carries dust particles from the surface of a comet

A

Halo

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11
Q

Tails of comet length

A

At least millions of kilometers

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12
Q

It is the central part of the comet. It occupies the central position, also known as the core.

A

Nucleus

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13
Q

The nucleus consists mostly of _____, _____, and ______ particles covered with dark organic matter

A

ice, gases, and dust

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14
Q

The _____is the most visible portion of the comet surrounding the nucleus. Along with the nucleus, they form the comet’s head

A

Coma

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15
Q

It is the only invisible layer of the comet found surrounding the coma

A

Hydrogen Envelope

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16
Q

It is made of electrically charged molecules of carbon dioxide, nitrogen, and water. Also called the plasma or gas tail

A

Ion Tail

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17
Q

It is made of small dust particles that evaporate from the nucleus, pushing them away from the comet due to sunlight pressure

A

Dust tail

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18
Q

Debris and remnants of the dust from comets and asteroids

A

Meteoroids

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19
Q

Meteoroid that enters the atmosphere

A

Meteor

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20
Q

_______happens when Earth comes across a group of meteoroids traveling alongside it or in the same direction as Earth.

A

Meteor display

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21
Q

Meteor that touches the Earth’s surface

A

Meteorite

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22
Q

Three types of meteorite according to composition

A

Iron with nickel, stony or chondrite, and stony-iron

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23
Q

Types of Asteroids: Chondrite composition

A

Clay and silicate rocks

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24
Q

Types of asteroids: Stony composition

A

Silicate materials and nickel-iron

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25
Q

Types of asteroids: Metallic composition

A

Nickel and iron

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26
Q

Types of meteoroids

A

Iron, stony, stony-iron

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27
Q

Iron meteoroid composition

A

Nickel-iron, sulfide

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28
Q

Stony meteoroid composition

A

Silicate materials

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29
Q

Stony-iron composition

A

Silicate materials and nickel-iron

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30
Q

________are round in shape and orbit the
Sun just like the eight major planets. But unlike planets, they are not able to clear their orbital path so there are no similar objects at roughly the same distance from the Sun

A

Dwarf planets

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31
Q

4 major spheres of the Earth

A

Hydrosphere, atmosphere, geosphere, biosphere

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32
Q

Greek origins
Hydro: ______
Atmo: _______
Geo: ________
Bio: ______

A

Water, air, ground, life

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33
Q

It is made up of all the water found on Earth on its surface, underground, and in the air. This includes all of the rivers, lakes, streams,oceans, groundwater, polar ice caps, glaciers,water vapor, clouds, and any form of precipitation like rain and snow.

A

Hydrosphere

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34
Q

Water cycle

A

Evaporation -> condensation -> precipitation -> collection

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35
Q

_______is made up of all the living organisms on the planet. These living things are found on the surface, underground, and even those reaching a kilometer above the surface of Earth. It includes the plants, animals, bacteria, and fungi that thrive on the planet even in the most extreme environments in the depths and corners of the Earth

A

Biosphere

36
Q

Bacteria that thrive in heat

A

Thermophiles

37
Q

Bacteria that thrive in cold

A

Cryophiles

38
Q

________, from the Greek word ‘ground’, is composed of all the rocks, minerals, and soil on Earth. This includes
not only the mountains, continents, ocean floor, sand in the deserts, and bedrocks but it also includes Earth’s interior layers

A

Geosphere

39
Q

__________refers to the solid and rigid outer layer that includes the crust and the uppermost part of the mantle.

A

Lithosphere

40
Q

Below this sphere is the_________, which consists of the solid but mobile part of the mantle that can flow depending
on the heat deep within Earth.

A

Asthenosphere

41
Q

Rock cycle

A

Magma —-> Igneous rock ——> Sediments —> Sedimentary rocks ——> Metamorphic rocks ——> Magma

42
Q

-In Center and hottest layer
-Made up of iron and nickel
-Solid
-Engine of the Earth

A

Inner core

43
Q

Temperature of inner core

A

5500 C

44
Q

-Hot ball of metals
-Liquid metals
-Composed of Iron and nickel

A

Outer core

45
Q

Temperature of outer core

A

4000 F to 90000 F

46
Q

_______is the widest section of the Earth.
Its thickness is approximately 2,900 km.
It is mainly made up of semi-
molten rock known as magma. The rock is hard in the upper part of it, but lower down the rock is softer and begins to melt.

A

Mantle

47
Q

The _____ is the outer layer where we live. The thickness is around 0-60 km.

A

Crust

48
Q

Two types of crust

A

Continental and oceanic

49
Q

_____ is the body of gas that envelops the Earth.

A

Atmosphere

50
Q

Earth’s gas content:
Nitrogen:
Oxygen:
Carbon dioxide:

A

78%, 20.9%, the rest

51
Q

Layers of the atmosphere

A

Troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere, exosphere

52
Q

Lowest layer of the atmosphere. We live here and most of the weather occurs here. Clouds are here as 99% of water vapor is here. 10 km

A

Troposphere

53
Q

50 km to the ground. Ozone layer sits here. Absorbs UV light. Commercial Jets fly here.

A

Stratosphere

54
Q

85 km to ground. Meteors burn up here. Air is far too thin to breathe. Pressure at 1%

A

Mesosphere

55
Q

High energy C rays and UV rays are absorbed here. The approximate boundary of our atmosphere and outer space. Home to international space station. Where low orbit satellites sit

A

Thermosphere

56
Q

The approximate boundary of our atmosphere and outer space known as ______.

A

Karman Line

57
Q

Actual final frontier of Earth’s gaseous envelope. Separates the Earth and the atmosphere. 10000 km. No air.

A

Exosphere

58
Q

The electrically charged atoms and molecules that are formed in this way are called ions, giving the name and endowing this region with some special properties. The aurora, or Northern Lights and Southern Lights, occur in the parts of the thermosphere that correspond to layers of it.

A

Ionosphere

59
Q

Naturally-occuring substance which is solid, crystalline, stable at room temperature, and inorganic

A

Mineral

60
Q

Physical properties of mineral

A

Luster, Hardness, Crystal form, Color, chemical composition

61
Q

Ranks the hardness of minerals from 1-10

A

Mohs’ Scale

62
Q

Minerals fused together

A

Rocks

63
Q

Three types of rocks

A

Igneous, sedimentary, metamorphic

64
Q

Rocks formed from magma

A

Igneous

65
Q

Eroded rocks

A

Sedimentary

66
Q

Heated and Pressurized rocks

A

Metamorphic

67
Q

Processes that occur near the Earth’s surface

A

Exogenic processes

68
Q

Types of exogenic processes

A

Weathering, erosion, mass movement

69
Q

Breakdown of materials physically or chemically

A

Weathering

70
Q

Agents of physical weathering

A

Heat and pressure, wind and waves, freeze and thaw, organic activity,

71
Q

Agents of chemical weathering

A

Hydration, Carbonation, oxidation,

72
Q

Agents of erosion

A

Ice, water, wind, gravity

73
Q

Moving of rocks from one place to another

A

Erosion

74
Q

Erosion influenced by gravity

A

Mass movement

75
Q

______ are those that occur or are created under the Earth’s surface

A

Endogenic processes

76
Q

Main endogenic processes

A

Faulting and folding

77
Q

Where do the folding and faulting take plce

A

Plate boundaries

78
Q

Two forces pushes towards each other

A

Folding

79
Q

Fracturing of ground due to tension or compression

A

Faulting

80
Q

Three types of fault

A

Normal (convergence) reverse (divergence) tear (transform)

81
Q

Subsequent endogenic processes

A

Volcanism, metamorphism, earthquake

82
Q

the theory that Earth’s outer shell is divided into several plates that glide over the mantle, the rocky inner layer above the core.

A

Plate tectonic theory

83
Q

Who proposed plate teconics

A

Alfred Wegener

84
Q

_______at one point in time, all of the continents were joined together as one large mass of land, then the land spread apart and drifted into their current positions.

A

Continental drift

85
Q

Evidences of continental drift

A

Fossil similarities, geological matches, climate evidence

Earth and Life Sci (2 decks)

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