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Historia > Beginning + Mayans > Flashcards

Beginning + Mayans Flashcards

1
Q

Guerilla

A

Irregular, small armed force army

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2
Q

CEPAL

A

Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean

Purpose: CEPAL’s purpose is to promote economic and social development, strengthen economic ties, and coordinate actions to achieve these goals

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3
Q

Latinoamérica

A

Speak Spanish, Portuguese, French

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4
Q

Hispanoamérica

A

Spain!

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5
Q

Iberoamérica

A

Portugués!!! , Español (Brasil)

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6
Q

Latin America

A
  • Nations in America and Caribbean who predominantly speak Spanish or Portuguese
    -Diverse
  • 26 Nations
  • Mestizo, most are Mixed Race
  • Shared Experience of the Conquest and Colonization by the Spaniards and Portuguese.
  • Struggle for independence from Colonial Rule
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7
Q

Mestizo

A

Mixed people (European and Indigenous)

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8
Q

4 Classes for Aztecs

A

*Emperor
*Nobles
*Common people -working for the chief, diff languages, pictograms
*Slaves - Working w/o benefit, not based on race, pay with work

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9
Q

Criollo

A

Spanish descent born in the Americas

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9
Q

Soberania Alimentario

A

Control Your own resources

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9
Q

Mountain Ranges!!

A
  • Los Andes
  • Sierra Madre Range (mainly in Mexico)
  • Brazilian Highland (Plateau/Planalto, Low mountains, hilly uplands)
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9
Q

Which Countries dont have coasts

A

Bolivia & Paraguay

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10
Q

Parts of the Andes

A
  • Aconcagua
  • Nevado ojos del salado
  • Monte Pissis
  • Cerro Bonete Chico
  • Huascarán
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10
Q

Biggest River Systems in Latin America

A
  • Amazonas (Biggest)
  • Orinoco
  • The Rio de la Plata
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11
Q

Amazonas

A
  • Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, Guayana, Suriname, Venezuela
  • 1/5th of Water that runs off earth’s surface
  • Anacondas
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12
Q

Orinoco

A
  • One of the Longest Rivers
  • Venezuela + Colombia
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13
Q

Rio De La Plata
(Countries, purpose, 2 port names)

A
  • Argentina & Uruguay
  • Formed by the Parana River and Uruguay River
  • Economic Activity & Ports
    (Buenos Aires in Argentina)
    (Montevideo in Uruguay)
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14
Q

2 Different Currents in Latin America

A
  • Corriente Frío Humboldt (Cold)
  • Corriente El Niño (Hot)
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15
Q

Climates in Latin America

A
  • Tropical
  • Temperate
  • Arid
  • Cold
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16
Q

Tropical

A

*Covers more than half the continent
*86 degrees average
* Tomate, Papaya, Piña, Cashews, Avacado, Coffee, Cacao
* Wet & Dry in the Orinoco River Basin, Brazilian highlands, Western section of Ecuador

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17
Q

Temperate

A
  • Mid- Levels of Elevation of the Andes
  • Greater temperature range
    *Corn, Soybeans, Papas
  • High Quality Pastures
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18
Q

Brazil is a huge ______ exporter

A

Beef

19
Q

Arid

A
  • Deserts, Coastal Areas, Interior Regions throughout S. America
  • Extremely cold or extremely hot
  • Little Precipiation
    *DESERTS: Atacama (Argentina) , Sechura (Bolivia) , Sonoran (Mexico) , Sierra (Peru)
20
Q

Cold

A
  • Southern ends of Argentina and Chile & the highest elevations of the Andes
  • Avg. Temp is below 50 degrees
  • Potatoes, Quinoa
    *Llamas, Alpacas - wool & meet
21
Q

Precolombian History (4 Ages)

A
  • Preceramic ( 13,000 BC - 3,500 BC)
  • Formative (3,500 BC - 500 B.C)
  • Regional Development (500BC-500)
  • Integration (500 A.C- 1,450)
22
Q

What Characterizes the Preceramic Age?

A

*13000 BC - 3500 BC
* El Inga (Quito), Cubilán, Chobshi (Azuay), Las Vegas ( Santa Elena)
* Polytheism - Nature
* NOMADS
*No ceramics, rocks! (obsidian tools)
* ECONOMY: Fruit, hunting, animals, fishing (hunter-gather society)
* Poot diet, depending on weather
* Natural Shelters, Caves, Rocks, Chozas - by rivers

23
Q

In ___________ Sebastián de Belalcázar along with Diego de Almagro established the city of San Francisco de QUITO on top of the ruins of the secondary Inca capital, naming it in honor of Pizarro.

A

1534

24
Q

What Characterizes the Formative Period?

A
  • Agriculture
    *Ceramics (some of the oldest in America)
  • Sedentary
  • Valdivia, Machalilla, Guayas/Manabí, Correra, Narrío
  • Matriarchal (WOMEN) - Pachamama
  • HOUSING - Adobe, thermic & good for earthquakes, oval-shaped
  • Spondylus Shell
  • SOCIAL CLASS - Based on Work
25
Q

What is Paccha Mamma?

A

*deity in the Indigenous cultures of the Andean region of South America, (Quechua and Aymara)
* translated as “Mother Earth”
*Fertility
*Reciprocal Relationship, need to treat the earth well

26
Q

Spondylus Shell

A

Delicate, Food for the Gods
Rare
Used for Ceremonial Practical Use.

27
Q

Who are the Shamans

A
  • Knows Medicine
  • Spiritual
  • Top of the Social Class in the Formative Period
28
Q

What Characterizes the Regional Development Period in Latin America?

A
  • 500 BC- 500
  • Gold, Silver, Alloy, Metals
    *CULTURES : Bahía, Jama Coaque, Tolita, Upano
  • Handicaps - good
  • Handicrafts - Human Figures, Natural Environment, Symbolism
  • RELIGION: Magical- Religious Powers
29
Q

Floripondio

A

The FLOWER!
* Powerful
* Lose control of Brain
* Must Respect

30
Q

What Characterizes the Integration Period in Latin America?

A
  • 500 AC - 1450
    *CULTURES: Milagro-Quevedo, Atacames, Manteñas, Puruhá, Faltas
    *TRADE: tools for weapons, crops, large textile production
  • Integration of people into TOWNS, Organized
    *Aztecas, Mayas, Incas
    (specialized Warriors)
31
Q

Who is Hernán Cortés?

A
  • Spanish conquistador
  • known for leading the conquest of Aztec Emp. in Mexico (1519 - 1521)
    *downfall of the Aztec Empire
    *marked the beginning of Spanish colonization in the Americas
  • Brought smallpox & other diseases (killed 50%)
  • Initially, the Aztecs, led by Emperor Moctezuma II, welcomed Cortés and his men, possibly due to a belief that he might be the return of the god Quetzalcoatl.
32
Q

Where were the Aztecs located?

A

Mesoamerica! (Between Mexico and part of Guatemala)

33
Q

What is Tenochtitlan?

A
  • capital city of the Aztec Empire
    *200,000 people
    *38 Providences
    *NOW it is Mexico City
    *Founded by Mexica people
  • Lake Texcoco
  • Its destruction marked the end of the Aztec Empire
  • LEGEND - They were told to build their city on the spot where they saw an eagle perched on a cactus, holding a snake in its beak. This scene is depicted on the modern Mexican flag.
34
Q

Who was Moctezuma II?
(Montezuma)

A

*Aztec leader who at first welcomed Hernan Cortes
*reached its height under this Emperor
* OFFERED treasure to Cortes to leave

35
Q

Some Characteristics of the Aztecs

A
  • 14th- 16th century
  • Created in 200 years
  • GODS :
    Huitzilopochtli (the god of war& sun)
    Tlaloc (the god of rain & agriculture).
    *HUMAN SACRIFICE: the gods (MAINLY SUN GOD) needed human blood to sustain the sun and the universe, and
    demanded taxes for this.
    *Aqueducts, Palaces, Pyramids, Temples - Tributes to Gods
  • Aztec calendar - 365 days
  • CORN
36
Q

The Aztecs, also known as the ______

A

Mexica (original Nomad tribe)

37
Q

What is the “El Dorado”?

A
  • Legend of Gold and Source of Wealth
  • a fabled city or even an entire kingdom overflowing with gold and precious treasures, located somewhere in the interior of the Americas.
  • rooted in the early Spanish explorations of the Americas
38
Q

Who was Malinche?

A

*“Doña Marina”
*played a pivotal role in the Spanish conquest of Mexico (Communication between Cortés & Moctezuma II)
*controversial - Betrayal or figure of agency and survival
*interpreter, advisor, and lover to the Spanish conquistador Hernán Cortés
* Had a son - A Mestizo
* Presented to Spanish as a “present” along with other women

39
Q

Who is Quetzalcoatl?

A
  • Main God for Aztecs
  • Feathered Serpent
  • Pictured as Wise
  • earth and sky, life and death, and order and chaos
  • Sometimes considered a creator god (created humans from corn)
  • Quetzalcoatl’s departure and his promised return - (influenced Cortes)
40
Q

Who are the Cronistas?

A

*Storytellers
*documented the events and developments of the Spanish conquest and the colonization of the Americas

41
Q

Aztec Sacrifices

A

Children - Rain
God Impersinators - Removed heart with Obsidian on the table

42
Q

In Teotihuacan, there is the ___________.

A

Pyramid of the Sun

43
Q

1515 Crisis for the Aztecs!

A
  • political and military upheaval before the arrival of Hernán Cortés
  • tensions among the nobility and the growing discontent of subject peoples who were forced to pay tribute and provide sacrifices to the Aztec rulers. (Resentment)
44
Q

Teuctli is an Aztec _______.

A

Judge

45
Q

What was the Motecuhzoma Crisis?

A

a turning point in the history of the Aztec Empire, characterized by political indecision in the face of the Spanish conquest.

46
Q

Who is Huitzilopochtli?

A
  • Aztec god
  • God of war, the sun, and human sacrifice
  • Associated with military victories and protection
  • Sacrifices
47
Q

Main Two Gods for the Aztecs?

A

Huitzilopochtli (war, the sun, and human sacrifice)
Quetzalcoatl (wind, rain, fertility, knowledge, and civilization)

48
Q

What are the chinampas?

A
  • innovative and productive form of raised-field agriculture used by the Aztecs
  • Floating Gardens
49
Q

What are the Iguazu?

A

Historia (5 decks)

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