Beer Terminology Flashcards
Acetaldehyde
Green apple aroma, a byproduct of fermentation.
Additive
Enzymes, preservatives and antioxidants which are added to simplify the brewing process or prolong shelf life.
Adjunct
Fermentable material used as a substitute for traditional grains, to make beer lighter-bodied or cheaper.
Aerobic
An organism, such as top fermenting ale yeast, that needs oxygen to metabolize.
Alcohol by weight
Amount of alcohol in beer measured in terms of the percentage weight of alcohol per volume of beer, i.e., 3.2% alcohol by weights equals 3.2 grams of alcohol per 100 centiliters of beer. (It is approximately 20% less than alcohol by volume.)
Alcohol by volume
Amount of alcohol in beer in terms of percentage volume of alcohol per volume of beer.
Alcoholic
Warming taste of ethanol and higher alcohol’s.
Anaerobic
An organism, such as a bottom-fermenting lager yeast, that is able to metabolize without oxygen present.
Aroma Hops
Varieties of hop chosen to impart bouquet. (See Hops)
Attenuation
Extent to which yeast consumes fermentable sugars (converting them into alcohol and carbon dioxide).
Bacterial
A general term covering off-flavors such as moldy, musty, woody, lactic acid, vinegar, or microbiological spoilage.
Balling Degrees
Scale indicating density of sugars in wort. Devised by C J N Balling.
Barley
A cereal grain that is malted for use in the grist that becomes the mash in the brewing of beer.
Barrel
A unit of measurement used by brewers in some countries. In Britain, a barrel holds 36 imperial gallons (1 imperial gallon = 4.5 liters), or 1.63 hectoliters. In the United States, a barrel holds 31.5 US gallons (1 US gallon = 3.8 liters), or 1.17 hectoliters.
Beer
Name given alcohol-containing beverages produced by fermenting grain, specifically malt, and flavored with hops.
Bitterness
The perception of a bitter flavor, in beer from iso-alpha-acid in solution (derived from hops). It is measured in International Bitterness Units (IBU).
Black malt
Partially malted barley roasted at high temperatures. Black malt gives a dark color and roasted flavor to beer.
Bottle-conditioning
Secondary fermentation and maturation in the bottle, creating complex aromas and flavors.
Bottom-fermenting yeast
One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Bottom-fermenting yeast works well at low temperatures and ferments more sugars leaving a crisp, clean taste and then settles to the bottom of the tank. Also referred to as “lager yeast”.
Brewhouse
The collective equipment used to make beer.
Brew Kettle
The vessel in which wort from the mash is boiled with hops. Also called a copper.
Brewpub
Pub that makes its own beer and sells at least 50% of it on premises. Also known in Britain as a home-brew house and in Germany as a house brewery.
Bright Beer Tank
See conditioning tank.
Bung
The stopper in the hole in a keg or cask through which the keg or cask is filled and emptied. The hole may also be referred to as a bung or bunghole. Real beer must use a wooden bung.
Butterscotch
See diacetyl.
CAMRA
The CAMpaign for Real Ale. An organization in England that was founded in 1971 to preserve the production of cask-conditioned beers and ales.
Caramel
A cooked sugar that is used to add color and alcohol content to beer. It is often used in place of more expensive malted barley.
Cask
A closed, barrel-shaped container for beer. They come in various sizes and are now usually made of metal. The bung in a cask of “Real” beer or ale must be made of wood to allow the pressure to be relived, as the fermentation of the beer, in the cask, continues.
Cask-conditioning
Secondary fermentation and maturation in the cask at the point of sale. Creates light carbonation.
Chill haze
Cloudiness caused by precipitation of protein-tannin compound at low temperatures, does not affect flavor.
Chill proof
Beer treated to allow it to withstand cold temperatures without clouding.
Conditioning Tank
A vessel in which beer is placed after primary fermentation where the beer matures, clarifies and, is naturally carbonated through secondary fermentation. Also called bright beer tank, serving tank and, secondary tank.
Conditioning Tank
A vessel in which beer is placed after primary fermentation where the beer matures, clarifies and, is naturally carbonated through secondary fermentation. Also called bright beer tank, serving tank and, secondary tank.
Copper
See brew kettle.
Decoction
Exhaustive system of mashing in which portions of the wort are removed, heated, then returned to the original vessel.
Dextrin
The unfermentable carbohydrate produced by the enzymes in barley. It gives the beer flavor, body, and mouthfeel. Lower temperatures produce more dextrin and less sugar. While higher temperatures produce more sugars and less dextrin.
Diacetyl
A volatile compound in beer that contributes to a butterscotch flavor, measured in parts per million.
DMS
Taste and aroma of sweet corn; results from malt, as a result of the short or weak boil of the wort, slow wort chilling, or bacterial infection. – Dimethyl sulfide, a sulfur compound.
Dosage
The addition of yeast and/or sugar to the cask or bottle to aid secondary fermentation.
Draft (Draught)
The process of dispensing beer from a bright tank, cask or, keg, by hand pump, pressure from an air pump or, injected carbon dioxide inserted into the beer container prior to sealing.
Dry-hopping
The addition of dry hops to fermenting or aging beer to increase its hop character or aroma.
EBC
European Brewing Convention. An EBC scale is used to indicate colors in malts and beers.
Enzymes
Catalysts that are found naturally in the grain. When heated in mash, they convert the starches of the malted barley into maltose, a sugar used in solution and fermented to make beer.
Fermentation
Conversion of sugars into ethyl alcohol and carbon dioxide, through the action of yeast.
Final specific gravity
Specific gravity of a beer when fermentation is complete (that is, all fermentable sugars have been fermented).
Fining
An aid to clarification: a substance that attracts particles that would otherwise remain suspended in the brew.
Filter
The removal of designated impurities by passing the wort through a medium, sometimes made of diatomaceous earth ( made up of the microscopic skeletal remains of marine animals). Yeast in suspension is often targeted for removal.
Gravity
See specific gravity.
Grist
Brewers’ term for milled grains, or the combination of milled grains to be used in a particular brew. Derives from the verb to grind. Also sometimes applied to hops.
Hand Pump
A device for dispensing draft beer using a pump operated by hand. The use of a hand pump allows the cask-conditioned beer to be served without the use of pressurized carbon dioxide.
Heat Exchanger
A mechanical device used to rapidly reduce the temperature of the wort.
Hogshead
Cask holding 54 imperial gallons ( 243 liters ).
Hop back
Sieve-like vessel used to strain out the petals of the hop flowers. Known as a hop jack in the United States.
Infusion
Simplest form of mash, in which grains are soaked in water. May be at a single temperature, or with upward or (occasionally) downward changes.
IBU
International Bitterness units. A system of indicating the hop bitterness in finished beer.
Keg
One-half barrel, or 15.5 U. S. gallons. A half keg or, 7.75 U. S. gallons, is referred to as a pony-keg.
Kräusening
The addition of a small proportion of partly fermented wort to a brew during lagering. Stimulates secondary fermentation and imparts a crisp, spritzy character.
Lagering
From the German word for storage. Refers to maturation for several weeks or months at cold temperatures (close to 0�C /32�F) to settle residual yeast, impart carbonation and make for clean round flavors.
Lauter
To run the wort from the mash tun. From the German word to clarify. A lauter tun is a separate vessel to do this job. It uses a system of sharp rakes to achieve a very intensive extraction of malt sugars.
Lauter Tun
See mash tun.
Length
The amount of wort brewed each time the brew house is in operation.
Liquor
The brewer’s word for water used in the brewing process, as included in the mash or, used to sparge the grains after mashing.
Malt (ing)
The process by which barley is steeped in water, germinated ,then kilned to convert insoluble starch to soluble substances and sugar. The foundation ingredient of beer.
Malt Extract
The condensed wort from a mash, consisting of maltose, dextrins and, other dissolved solids. Either as a syrup or powdered sugar, it is used by brewers, in solutions of water and extract, to reconstitute wort for fermentation.
Mash
(Verb) To release malt sugars by soaking the grains in water. (Noun) The resultant mixture.
Mash Tun
A tank where grist is soaked in water and heated in order to convert the starch to sugar and extract the sugars and other solubles from the grist.
Maltose
A water soluble, fermentable sugar contained in malt.
Medicinal
Chemical or phenolic character; can be the result of wild yeast, contact with plastic, or sanitizer residue.
Microbrewery
Small brewery generally producing less than 15,000 barrels per year. Sales primarily off premises.
Original gravity
A measurement of the density of fermentable sugars in a mixture of malt and water with which a brewer begins a given batch.
Pasteurization
Heating of beer to 60-79(�C/140-174�F to stabilize it microbiologically. Flash-pasteurization is applied very briefly, for 15-60 seconds by heating the beer as it passes through the pipe. Alternately, the bottled beer can be passed on a conveyor belt through a heated tunnel. This more gradual process takes at least 20 minutes and sometimes much longer.
Pitch
To add yeast to wort.
Plato, degrees
Expresses the specific gravity as the weight of extract in a 100 gram solution at 64�F (17.5�C). Refinement of the Balling scale.
Priming
The addition of sugar at the maturation stage to promote a secondary fermentation.
Regional specialty brewery
A brewery that produces more than 15,000 barrels of beer annually, with its largest selling product a specialty beer.
Reinheitsgebot
“Purity Law” originating in Bavaria in 1516 and now applied to all German brewers making beer for consumption in their own country. It requires that only malted grains, hops, yeast and water may be used in the brewing.
Saccharomyces cerevisiae
See Top-fermenting yeast.
Saccharomyces uvarum
See Bottom-fermenting yeast.
Saccharomyces carlsbergensis
See Bottom-fermenting yeast.
Secondary fermentation
Stage of fermentation occurring in a closed container from several weeks to several months.
Shelf life
Describes the number of days a beer will retain it’s peak drinkability. The shelf life for commercially produced beers is usually a maximum of four months.
Specific gravity
A measure of the density of a liquid or solid compared to that of water ((1.000 at 39�F (4�C)).
Sparge
To spray grist with hot water in order to remove soluble sugars (maltose). This takes place at the end of the mash.
Squares
Brewers’ term for a square fermenting vessel.
Terminal gravity
Synonym for final specific gravity.
Top-fermenting yeast
One of the two types of yeast used in brewing. Top-fermenting yeast works better at warmer temperatures and are able to tolerate higher alcohol concentrations than bottom-fermenting yeast. It is unable to ferment some sugars, and results in a fruitier, sweeter beer. Also known as “ale yeast”.
Tun
Any large vessels used in brewing. In America, “tub” is often preferred.
Units of bitterness
See IBU
Wort
The solution of grain sugars strained from the mash tun. At this stage, regarded as “sweet wort”, later as brewed wort, fermenting wort and finally beer.
Wort Chiller
See heat exchanger.
Yeast
A micro-organism of the fungus family. Genus Saccharomyces.
