Beef 2 Flashcards
What falls under respiratory vaccines?
Bovine Respiratory Disease: IBR, BRSV, PI3, and BVD
What are the two reproductive vaccines?
Vibrio and Lepto
What does the Bovine Respiratory Disease affect and when is it most common?
- Any disease of the upper or lower respiratory tract
- Primary concern is respiratory distress
- Most common after weening or at feedlot (“shipping fever)
- Stressful conditions only further susceptibility
What is the clostridial vaccine for?
Blackleg
What is IBR?
Infectious Bovine Rhinotracheitis - “Rednose”
- Caused by bovine herpes virus 1 which is fast and contagious
- Main route of exposure is purchasing infected animals
- Symptoms: Inflamed nasal passages, fever, rapid breathing, deep cough, loss of appetite
- Secondary bacterial infection or pneumonia are also common
- There is an available vaccine
What is BRSV?
Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus
- Prefers lower respiratory tract
- Younger calves are more often affected
- Secondary bacterial infection or pneumonia are common
- Symptoms: Fever, nasal/ocular discharge, cough, difficulty breathing, death
- There is an available vaccine
What is PI3?
Parainfluenza Virus 3
- “Prefers” upper respiratory tract
- Makes cattle (esp. calves) more susceptible (especially. bacterial, IBR) to other diseases when infected
- Symptoms: Fever, nasal discharge, cough, increased respiratory rate, breathing
- There is an available vaccine
What is BVD?
Bovine Viral Diarrhea
- Caused by bovine viral diarrhea virus
- Causes respiratory AND reproductive/fetal issues
- Initial infection is respiratory or vaginal tissue
- One of the costliest cattle diseases bc of reduced productivity and treatment costs
- Symptoms: Fever, ocular/nasal discharge, diarrhea, cough, abortions
- There is an available vaccine
- Infected animals need to be culled or else PI (persistently infected) calves will be born
What is vibriosis?
A reproductive disease
- Caused by “campy” campylobacter fetus venerealis
- Venereal disease that results in abortion and infertility
- Typically spread by infected bulls when they mate
- There is an available vaccine
What is leptospirosis?
A reproductive disease
- Caused by Leptospira spp.
- Leptospires found in contaminated water, infected urine or feces
- Symptoms: abortion, jaundice, abnormal milk, fever, lethargy
- Zoonotic disease
- There is an available vaccine
What is blackleg?
- Caused by clostridium chauvoeli which is spore-producing
- Spores can remain viable for years in soil, ingested while grazing
- Outbreaks
- Organisms ingested -> Enters through GI tract then blood -> Deposits in muscle tissue or other tissue -> necrosis/hemorrhage -> black/dark appearance
- Symptoms: fast severe lameness, depression, initial fever that subsides, swelling, tremors, death within 12-48hrs
- There is an available vaccine: infected or suspected animals must be isolated and probably euthanized if vaccine and booster were not administered
What is hardware disease?
Foreign objects ingested and collected in reticulum
- objects can puncture causing infection or damage to surrounding organ
- Symptoms: Loss of appetite, no cub chewing, swelling of neck, stiffness
- Treatment requires surgery
- Prevented with the use of magnet
What is bovine spongiform encephalopathy?
Mad Cow Disease
- Not common, only around 2 in the US over the last 20 years
- Progressive neurological disorder of cattle
- Symptoms: abnormal behavior, trouble walking, weight loss, unable to move
- Caused by a prion
- Protein is misfolded
- Modified form of a normal protein that upon infection the abnormal protein (prion) can transmit its abnormality onto similar variants
What is BSE?
- Epidemic in Great Britain in late 80s/early 90s
- Caused by feeding infected cattle meat and bone meal
- Brain, spinal cord, gut, and eyes of older animals are excluded from human food and animal feeds
What does vaccination in cattle have to do with beef sale?
- Cattle are marketed as meat products for human consumption
- Improper administration of vaccinations can impact efficacy of the vaccine and compromise the cut of meat
- This is why we avoid vaccinating near expensive cuts and minimize stress
What are the different methods of injection?
Intramuscular (IM): drug injected into skeletal muscle at a 90 degree angle
Subcutaneous (SubQ): drug injected into the subcutaneous tissue directly under the dermis at a 95 degree angle - hand tented technique should be used
Intravenous (IV): drug injected directly into the bloodstream at a 25 degree angle
Is the SubQ or IM injection site larger?
SubQ has a larger injection site area than IM. You should avoid the jugular flow, spinal column, shoulder, and nuchal ligament (top of neck) when injecting
What are the three types of vaccinations?
Modified Live
Killed
Chemically Altered
What is a MLV?
Modified Live Vaccine
- Containing a live virus that will replicate in the body but not cause clinical disease
- Requires a booster or revaccination because it will stimulate a stronger response as the body begins to better recognize the virus
What is a KV?
Killed Vaccine
- Containing antigen components or pieces of the disease but do not replicate or cause disease
- Requires a booster
What is a CAV?
Chemically Altered Vaccine
- Viral vaccine that contains live virus components that have been altered to replicate the virus in the body, stopping replication once the virus reaches body temperature (temperature-sensitive virus) so it cannot cause disease
When should we vaccinate, for what, and how?
Pre-breeding (bulls and cows)
- Respiratory/Reproductive/Clostridial: MLV or Killed
Calves (1-3 months)
- Clostridial/Respiratory: Killed
Calves (around weaning)
- Respiratory/Reproductive (Heifers)/Mannheimia haemolytica (pneumonia shot)
