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465 Nutrition > Beef 2 > Flashcards

Beef 2 Flashcards

***emphasized in class**** Covers finishing phase onwards.

1
Q

finishing phase diets are high or low energy? composed of what?

A

high energy: lots of grain, small amounts forage, by product feeds

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2
Q

high energy: lots of grain, small amounts forage, by product feeds

A

larger and more specialized

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3
Q

in the finishing phase, diets are formulated to do what 5 things

A

increase growth rate, feed efficiency, animal health, and carcass quality; decrease cost of gain or maximize profit

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4
Q

increase growth rate, feed efficiency, animal health, and carcass quality; decrease cost of gain or maximize profit

A

28-29% body fat

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5
Q

what are the 3 types of diets used in finishing phase

A

receiving ration, step-up phase, finishing diet

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6
Q

finial finishing diets will contain what % concentrate, CP, roughage, and urea

A

80-95% concentrate, 13.5% CP, 1% urea, 9-10% roughage

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7
Q

5 most common grains used in finishing phase

A

barley, what, corn, wet and dry distillers grains, and alternative byproducts

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8
Q

name at least 2 protein sources

A

distillers grains, canola meal, soybean meal, cottonseed meal, sunflower meal

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9
Q

what is goal feed efficiency for finishing phase

A

5.5 to 7 kg feed per 1 kg gain

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10
Q

what is goal ADG for finishing phase

A

1.2 - 2.0 kg/d

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11
Q

what material can be used to improve feed efficiency

A

ionophores

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12
Q

what happens when some cattle moved directly from weaning to finishing diets

A

can reduce finishing weights and reduce feed efficiency (earlier and more rapid fat deposition); small frame breeds may promote finishing weights that are too low; this works better on larger frame breeds

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13
Q

newly weaned calves going to finishing lots are subject to severe stress from shipping, handling, mixing and treatment entering the feedlot. what are some negative effects of this stress?

A

reduce appetite, poor immune response, increase morbidity and mortality

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14
Q

why are calves given freee-choice grass hay during first week of finishing phase

A

the free choice hay stimulates eating

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15
Q

sick calves have higher or lower DMI when started on feed

A

lower

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16
Q

if there a standard nutrition program across finishing phase feedlots

A

no, it depends on feedlot operator

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17
Q

what are important things to know about finishing phase receiving diet

A

this is the first edit fed to calves in feedlot. they need free choice hay in bunk to a forage: concentrate diet with between 50-70% forage. also need water close to hay

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18
Q

what are important things to know about finishing phase step-up diets

A

3-10 diets that gradually increase grain (concentrate) level over 21-28 days, begins around 30-40% concentrate and reaches 85-95% concentrate, and the protein and energy is increasing

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19
Q

what are 4 objectives of step up diets of the finishing phase

A

minimize digestive disturbances, allow rumen microbes to adjust to starch, allow rumen epithelium to increase papillae area, minimize feed intake fluctuations

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20
Q

what is alternative diet adaptation strategy

A

rather than preparing 3-10 different step up diets, instead only prepare lowest and highest concentrate diet and then mix as needed to achieve target forage:concentrate ratio

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21
Q

why is rumens introduced at half dose during finishing phase (step up phase)

A

it is not palatable

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22
Q

what are objectives of finishing phase feed bunk management

A

keep animals eating consistently, maximize performance, and minimize digestive disorders this is a really important daily task in cattle finishing.

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23
Q

all cattle in same finishing phase pen should have ____ to consume feed and have feed delivered ______

A

same opportunity, same time every day (to avoid GI upset)

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24
Q

what are 2 finishing phase feed options

A

ad libitum (this gives higher feed wastage) or slick bunk (most feedlots use this)

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25
Q

describe slick bunk feed management

A

feed not reduced, but is regulated; there is short absence of feed; associated with improved performance, reduced sorting of ingredients, less feed wastage

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26
Q

how often should cattle be fed? how much feed should be left prior to the next feeding?

A

2x a day (cattle like a consistent time, amount, and ingredients so any changes should be gradual), only crumbs left

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27
Q

steady intake of feed leads to what

A

sustained growth

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28
Q

what is bunk reading

A

determining amount of feed that needs to be put into each bunk

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29
Q

as food intake decreases over the course of the day (as bunk level depletes), what happens to rumen pH? what should you be careful of with rumen pH level?

A

decreases. shouldn’t be below 5.5 for more than a couple hours or else can get subacute acidosis (ie erratic consumption is bad)

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30
Q

maximizing the DMI of animals in finishing phase leads to what 3 economically-friendly things

A

increase animal performance, reduce dats to slaughter, decrease production costs

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31
Q

in what order do the growth rates of bone, muscle, and fat peak?

A

bones, muscle, then fat

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32
Q

what is the order of peak fat deposition

A

perirenal, intermuscular, subcutaneous, then intramuscular (ie marbling, the intramuscular fat, occurs last)

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33
Q

as the animal grows, what happens to DMI/day and the requirements for CP, Ca, P, and energy

A

DMI/day and energy requirement increases, but CP, Ca, and P requirement decreases

34
Q

feeding a diet high in acetate will lead to increased growth of which fat type

A

subcutaneous fat

35
Q

feeding a diet high in glucose (starch) will lead to increased growth of which fat type

A

intramuscular fat (which is good for beef)

36
Q

at the same BW, larger frame animals will have ____ fat

A

lower

37
Q

large and small frame animals can be finished with equal fatness but not at the same _____

A

body weight

38
Q

what 5 factors lead to increased finished weight

A

sex, genetics, plane of nutrition, beta agonists, and implant program

39
Q

what is compensatory growth and how is it applied in beef production

A

ability of animal to recuperate growth after underfeeding (grow faster than normal); common to feed restrict and then give supplemented feed to lower maintenance requirements, lower energy content of live weight gain, and higher DMI than in normal growing cattle

40
Q

what are possible outcomes of compensatory growth

A

full compensation, partial compensation, or no compensation

41
Q

what 4 factors affect compensatory gain

A

age of animal during feed restriction, severity of feed restriction (affects time in compensatory gain), duration of feed restriction (affects growth rate), feed quality post restriction

42
Q

grain sources with a high rate of rumen starch digestion is associated with increased risk of what?

A

rumen acidosis

43
Q

what is associated with greater risk of rumen acidosis, dry-rolled wheat or dry-rolled sorghum?

A

wheat (because the rate of rumen starch digestion is higher)

44
Q

how is acid produced in the rumen from bacterial fermentation countered (removed, buffered, or otherwise neutralized)?

A

buffered by saliva and feed absorption, passage from rumen

45
Q

what is formula for processing index, PI

A

PI = wt processed / wt whole x 100% (ie, the measured bulk density of processed grain / the measured bulk density of whole grain, expressed as a percentage)

46
Q

what is the limitation of PI to assess grain processing

A

poor rolling can cause large and small particles, but the PI could be in the acceptable range (particle sizes average to what you would achieve with proper rolling)

47
Q

why should processed barley and wheat contain less than 30% fines (particles below 0.85 mm sieve size)

A

prevent acidosis

48
Q

what processing index do we aim for? what fecal starch concentration do we aim for?

A

70%; 5-7% (note that these are related factors, fecal starch measure gives indirect information on PI)

49
Q

what is the effect of ionophores

A

effect gram positive bacteria by disruption toning gradient across bacterial membrane with consequent reduction in intracellular pH

50
Q

compare the effect of Monensin vs Lasolocid on feed efficiency, ADG, and feed intake

A

both feed efficiency. Monensin maintains ADG and reduces intake. Lasolocid improves ADG and does not change feed intake

51
Q

this feed additive is a beta adrenergic agonist (compounds similar to endogenous catecholamines and they bind to receptors on skeletal muscle) to increase skeletal muscle mass and increase protein synthesis; it is fed at end of feeding period

A

ractopamine

52
Q

what are 2 effects of ractopamine (cell level)

A

increase skeletal muscle mass and protein synthesis (detail: increase skeletal muscle mass and/or cross-sectional area of individual muscles; increases protein synthesis and reduces protein degradation)

53
Q

what are 3 benefits to production when using ractopamine

A

improve: live and carcass gain (7-20 lb), feed efficiency (DMI/ADG), carcass leanness, fabrication yield, steak yield (does not change feed intake significantly)

54
Q

when are liver abscesses detected

A

at alsughter

55
Q

how are liver abscesses scored

A

0 = no abscesses; A = 1-2 small unorganized or 2-4 well-organized, or abscess scars; A+ = 1 or more large or multiple small, active abscesses

56
Q

pathogenesis of liver abscesses

A

feeding practices or inconsistent bunk management (eg. rapidly increasing dietary energy through high-grain feeding or low-roughage diets) –> acidosis and rumenitis —_ entry, growth, and establishment of pyogenic bacteria

57
Q

what antibiotic can be given in feed to reduce liver abscesses, increase growth rate, increase feed efficiency, and increase (very slightly) dressing percentage

A

tylosin

58
Q

are liver abscesses more prevalent in high or low grain diets? in high roughage or low roughage diets? in beef breeds or in Holsteins?

A

higher provalence with high grain diets (12-32% prevalence); low roughage; Holsteins

59
Q

why do legumes lead to bloat

A

rapid degradation and fermentation of legume leads to excessive polysaccharides produced by fermenting bacteria

60
Q

give 3 general ways to control bloat

A

management of plant (maturity, variety, mixed legume pastures), management of animal (adaptation to pasture, intelligent grazer), use of additives (most effective)

61
Q

when alfalfa is mixed with 30% DM basis of _____ in mixed ration, bloat incidence is reduced by 98%

A

sainfoin

62
Q

how do plants containing tannins help prevent bloat

A

complex with cytoplasmic proteins and prevent formation of stable foam

63
Q

give 3 plant bloat risk factors

A

after fall frost, heavy morning dew, immediately after rain

64
Q

give 4 ways of managing bloat risk at animal level

A

put cattle on pasture at a time they are less hungry, adapt to grazing alfalfa, avoid morning dew, yearlings are at higher risk

64
Q

how does alfasure reduce bloat

A

surfactant - EPS coated air bubbles allow gas to escape from destabilized air bubble

65
Q

describe grass tetany, include indicators used to measure

A

Mg deficiency of ruminants associated with grazing fast-growing cool-season grasses during spring; hypomagnesemia indictors are urine <20 mg Mg/L; blood plasma or serum <18 mg Mg/L is low, <15 is concerning, <10 will have dramatic signs of tetany (18-32 mg Mg/L is normal Mg level in plasma)

66
Q

why might measuring normal Mg in blood not be conclusive of grass tetany absence

A

late stages of the condition release Mg into blood (rupture muscle fibres) so measuring Mg levels in blood may not be conclusive

67
Q

give at least 5 clinical signs of grass tetany

A

nervousness, rapid respiration, aggressiveness, stiff high-stepping gait, bellowing, muscle tremors, convulsions, hypersensitive to stimuli like loud noises

68
Q

who is grass tetany most prevalent it? what might it be triggered by?

A

in all classes of cattle and sheep, but most prevalence among older females in early lactation (high Mg requirement); triggered by stressor like cold weather

69
Q

why does magnesium need to be supplied daily

A

excreted in urine and milk

70
Q

give 2 agronomic practices to reduce risk of tetany

A

add legumes to pasture mixes; apply N and K fertilizers that are aligned with needs based on soil tests

71
Q

you are concerned about your cattle developing grass tetany in your lush spring pasture. you measure the soil Mg concentration to be 2.5 g Mg/kg DM and the soil K/(Ca+Mg) ratio to be 2.0. should you be worried?

A

no; safe concentrations are >2.0 g Mg/kg DM and the soil K/(Ca+Mg) <2.2

72
Q

what soil and herbage factors influence Mg concentration and availability

A

high soil K levels negatively affect Mg soil uptake by plants (major factor); low levels of available energy, Ca, and P in forages reduce absorption and retention of Mg; high levels of organic acids, fatty acids, and N in forages can reduce absorption and retention of Mg

73
Q

how can nitrate poisoning be prevented at a herd management level

A

test feed for nitrate concentration, diet high nitrate feeds with low nitrate feeds, replace dry forage with silage, frequent feedings, gradual adaptation to questionable feed, application of N fertilizers only as needed

74
Q

how is nitrate poisoning treated

A

methylene blue drench to turn methemoglobin back to hemoglobin (although by time it is caught animal often dead); give alternate source of forage and include concentrates in diet

75
Q

give at least 4 clinical signs of nitrate poisoning

A

staggering, rapid pulse, frequent urination, laboured breathing, collapse, coma, death; at sub-lethal levels abortion in pregnant females

76
Q

describe nitrate poisoning; include at what level of nitrate levels this would occur

A

nitrate (NO3-) accumulates in plain tissue because of excessive uptake of soil N when plant metabolism of N is slow or stopped; nitrate poisoning occurs when nitrate levels are 0.5-1.0% of DM intake

77
Q

what climate and soil factors can promote nitrate poisoning, give at least 3

A

factors that slow plant growth: cool temperature, cloudy weather, drought, frost, other physiological stress; or, soils heavily fertilized with N

78
Q

how does excess nitrate in the rumen cause chocolate brown coloured blood? describe pathogenesis of nitrate poisoning

A

normally, NO3- (nitrate) in rumen is converted to NO2- (nitrite) then NH4+ (ammonium) by bacteria. NH4+ is absorbed into blood and excreted in urine. with excess NO3-, bacteria can’t metabolize NO3- enough, so NO3- and NO2- accumulate. NO3- is not harmful to hemoglobin, but NO2- binds to hemoglobin in blood, forming methemoglobin (specifically, converts Fe II to Fe III). methemoglobin cannot release O2 to body tissues (this is bad) and is dark brown coloured

79
Q

rate and degree of NO3- reduction in the rumen depends on

A

microflora present and amount of energy available

465 Nutrition (4 decks)

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