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BEC > BEC Session 2 > Flashcards

BEC Session 2 Flashcards

1
Q

What is the chain of survival?

A
  • Early recognition and call for help - to prevent cardiac arrest
  • Early CPR - to buy time
  • Early defibrillation - to restart the heart
  • Post resuscitation care - to restore quality of life

If any step in the chain missed out, cannot proceed to next step

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2
Q

What are causes of a blocked airway?

A
  • Bodily fluids
  • Foreign body
  • Tongue
  • Inflammation
  • Infection
  • Trauma
  • Spasm
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3
Q

How do you assess the airways? (ABCDE)

A
  • Sounds (snoring, gurgling, wheeze, stridor)
  • Use of accessory muscles
  • Seesaw respiration (paradoxical breathing)
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4
Q

What can be done to open the airways?

A
  • Head tilt chin lift
  • Jaw thrust for cervical spine injury
  • Suction
  • I-Gel
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5
Q

What is done once airway is open? (Patient has a pulse)

A
  • Give 15 litres of oxygen to patients via non-rebreathing mask (keep Sats 94-98%)
  • For COPD patients, keep Sats at 88-92%
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6
Q

What are causes of breathing problems?

A
  • Decreased LOC
  • Respiratory depression (hypoventilation)
  • Muscle weakness
  • Exhaustion
  • Asthma
  • COPD
  • Infection/inflammation
  • Pulmonary oedema
  • Pulmonary embolus
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7
Q

How do you assess breathing?

A
  • Look - rate (<10 or >20), symmetry, effort, SpO2, colour (cyanosis)
  • Listen - talking (sentences, phrases, words), auscultation (wheeze, silent, added sounds)
  • Feel - chest expansion, percussion
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8
Q

What can be done to treat breathing problems in an emergency?

A
  • Ventilation with bag/valve/mask if respiratory rate <10
  • Position upright if struggling to breathe
  • Specific treatment e.e. B agonist (salbutamol inhaler for severe asthma)
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9
Q

What can be done to assess circulation?

A
  • Look at colour (cyanosis)
  • Feel temperature of peripheries
  • Take pulse
  • Capillary refill time
  • Blood pressure
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10
Q

What are normal blood pressure values of different pulses?

A
  • Central (carotid) pulse - systolic pressure of approx 60 mm Hg
  • Femoral pulse - systolic pressure of approx 70 mm Hg
  • Radial pulse - systolic pressure of approx 80-90 mm Hg
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11
Q

What is shock?

A

Inadequate tissue perfusion

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12
Q

What are causes of shock?

A
  • Loss of volume - hypovolaemia
  • Pump failure - cardiac causes
  • Vasodilation - sepsis, anaphylaxis
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13
Q

What can be done to treat circulatory problems in an emergency?

A
  • Position supine with legs raised (left lateral tilt in pregnancy)
  • IV access - 16G
  • SpO2 monitoring
  • Keep patient warm
  • Loosen tight clothing
  • Reassure
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14
Q

What are causes of disability of the CNS?

A
  • Inadequate perfusion of the brain
  • Sedative side effects of drugs
  • Low blood sugar
  • Toxins and poisons
  • Stroke
  • Epilepsy
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15
Q

What can be done to treat disability in an emergency?

A
  • Optimise airway, breathing and circulation
  • Recovery position
  • Treat underlying cause e.g. low blood sugar - glucagon injection, sugary drinks
  • Control seizures - buccal Midazolam
  • Call 999
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16
Q

What is done when exposing the patient in an emergency?

A
  • Examine clothed patient head to toe, front and back
  • Keep warm
  • Maintain dignity
  • Monitor vital signs regularly
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17
Q

What is SBAR?

A
  • Situation
  • Background
  • Assessment
  • Recommendation
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18
Q

What should be done during handover?

A
  • What happened - SBAR
  • What you found on ABCDE and AMPLE
  • What you have done
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19
Q

What is the treatment for an unconscious patient who is breathing and has a pulse?

A

Recovery position

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20
Q

How is a spinal fracture cared for?

A

Immobilisation

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21
Q

What are signs and symptoms of a fracture?

A
  • Visible fracture
  • Deformity
  • Pain
  • Swelling
  • Discolouration
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22
Q

What does management of the fracture involve?

A
  • ABCDE
  • Immobilisation of affected area
  • Keep patient still and support the injury
  • Sling can be made for arm fractures
  • Open fractures - control the bleeding
  • Monitor limb circulation
  • Get help
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23
Q

What is a Colle’s Fracture?

A

Distal fracture of the radius in the forearm with posterior displacement of the wrist

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24
Q

In burns, what does the ability of the skin to repair depend on?

A

The depth of the burn

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25
Q

What are the 3 classifications of burn?

A
  • Superficial burns
  • Partial thickness burns
  • Full-thickness burns
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26
Q

What are superficial burns?

A
  • Involves only epidermis
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27
Q

What are some features of superficial burns?

A
  • Red
  • Painful - tender
  • Blanches under pressure
  • Possible swelling, no blisters
  • Heals in ~7 days
28
Q

What are partial thickness burns?

A
  • Extend through epidermis into dermis
29
Q

What are some features of partial thickness burns?

A
  • Salmon pink
  • Moist/shiny
  • Painful
  • Blisters usually present
  • Heals in 7 - 21 days
30
Q

What are full thickness burns?

A
  • Through epidermis, dermis into underlying structures
31
Q

What are some features of full thickness burns?

A
  • Thick, dry
  • Pearly grey or charred black
  • May bleed from vessel damage
  • Painless
  • Require skin grafts to heal
32
Q

How are burns and scalds managed?

A
  • Monitor ABC as shock is likely
  • Pour cool running water over affected area for 10 minutes (has cooling effects, stops burning process)
  • Remove clothing and jewellery (if able)
  • Burnt area should be covered with clingfilm
  • Airway burns/smoke inhalation (intubation)
33
Q

Why should cool water be poured over burns for 10 mins?

A
  • Has cooling effect

* Stops burning process

34
Q

What is the rule of nines used to assess?

A

Percentage of total body surface area affected by burns

35
Q

What is the burn percentage value of head, arms, front, back, genitals, legs and hands?

A 
Head - 9%
Arms - 9% each
Front - 18%
Back - 18%
Genitals - 1%
Legs - 18% each
Hands - 1% each
36
Q

By which routes can poisons enter the body?

A
  • Inhalation through lungs
  • Absorption through skin
  • Ingestion through mouth
  • Injection
37
Q

How are poisons managed?

A
  • ABC and ambulance
  • Find out cause of poisoning
  • If poison absorbed through skin, remove all clothing and irrigate
  • Collect vomited material/medications
  • Get time of poison ingestion
  • Find out how much has been taken
  • Rinse mouth
38
Q

What should NOT be done in poison management?

A

DO NOT make casualty vomit to give fluids

39
Q

What is hypovolaemic shock?

A

Shock caused by blood loss

40
Q

What can cause hypovolaemic shock?

A

Haemorrhage

41
Q

What are types of haemorrhage?

A
  • Capillary bleed - oozing, bright red
  • Venous bleed - darker red, steady
  • Arterial bleed - bright red, spurting with arterial pulse
42
Q

What should be done to manage haemorrhages?

A

PEPE

43
Q

What is PEPE?

A

Used for haemorrhage control

  • Position casualty
  • Expose wound and check for foreign bodies
  • Pressure applied followed by firm dressing
  • Elevate limb if possible
  • (Tourniquets if trained)
44
Q

How can pressure be applied to a wound with a foreign object embedded?

A

I ring bandage can be placed around foreign object and pressure applied

45
Q

What are symptoms of shock?

A
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Thirst
  • Rapid breathing
  • Sweating
  • Fast and weak pulse
  • Pale, cold, clammy skin
  • Reduced consciousness
  • Confused and anxious
46
Q

What are some examples of medical emergencies?

A
  • Asthma
  • Anaphylaxis
  • Epilepsy
  • Diabetes
  • Chest pain
  • Meningitis
47
Q

What are signs and symptoms of asthma?

A
  • Coughing
  • Wheezing
  • Shortness of breath
  • Tightness in chest
48
Q

What is the treatment for asthma?

A
  • ABCDE
  • Sit casualty down and reassure
  • Ask the casualty to breathe slowly and deeply
  • Get them to take a puff of their inhaler
  • If symptoms do not improve in 5 minutes call 999 urgently
49
Q

What are signs and symptoms of anaphylaxis?

A
  • Collapse and unconsciousness
  • Swelling of throat and mouth
  • Difficulty in breathing
  • Alterations in heart rate
  • Drop in blood pressure
  • Abdominal pain, nausea and vomiting
  • Sense of impending doom
  • Nettle rash (hives), urticarial rash
50
Q

What is the treatment for anaphylaxis?

A
  • ABCDE
  • Remove source (trigger) of reaction
  • If life threatening complications 999
  • Oxygen if needed
  • Position patient to relieve any breathlessness
  • Raise legs if possible
  • Administer auto-injector if they have one or 500mcg Adrenaline IM repeat every 5 mins if required
51
Q

What is the treatment of epilepsy?

A
  • Maintain airway
  • Try to ease fall
  • Loosen tight clothing
  • Look for med alert tag
  • Monitor time of seizure - if more than 5 minutes or first seizure call 999
52
Q

What should not be done during an epileptic fit?

A

Do not put anything in the mouth

53
Q

What are the symptoms of hypoglycaemia?

A
  • Shaking
  • Sweating
  • Anxiety
  • Dizziness
  • Hunger
  • Fast heartbeat
  • Impaired vision
  • Weakness, fatigue
  • Headache
  • Irritable
54
Q

What are the symptoms of hyperglycaemia?

A
  • Extreme thirst
  • Frequent urination
  • Dry skin
  • Hunger
  • Blurred vision
  • Drowsiness
  • Nausea
55
Q

Why is hypoglycaemia an emergency?

A

It kills rapidly

56
Q

What is the treatment for hypogylcaemia?

A

Glucose or glucagon

57
Q

What is the treatment for hyperglycaemia?

A

Treat for shock/dehydration

insulin in hospital

58
Q

What is acute coronary syndrome?

A

When coronary arteries that supply the heart muscle become blocked

59
Q

What does partial blockage of coronary arteries cause?

A

Angina

60
Q

What do fully blocked coronary arteries cause?

A

Myocardial infarction

61
Q

What are signs and symptoms of acute coronary syndrome?

A
  • Collapse, often without any warning
  • Breathlessness and cyanosis
  • Faintness and dizziness
  • Pale, cold and clammy skin
  • Nausea and vomiting
  • Sense of impending doom
62
Q

What is done to manage acute coronary syndrome?

A
  • ABCDE
  • 999
  • Loosen clothing
  • Oxygen if breathless
  • GTN spray (angina)
  • Aspirin
  • Monitor and record vital signs
  • Reassure and keep calm
63
Q

What is the early treatment for a suspected MI?

A

MONA

  • Morphine analgesia
  • Oxygen (high flow)
  • Nitroglycerin (sublingual)
  • Aspirin (300mg)
64
Q

What is meningitis?

A

An infection of the mininges

65
Q

What are the symptoms of meningitis?

A
  • Rash that does not fade under pressure (glass test)
  • Fever, cold hands and feet
  • Vomiting
  • Confusion
  • Severe muscle pain and headache

BEC (3 decks)

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