BDCS Quiz Flashcards
What are common characteristics of metal
Electrically conductive Hard Lustrous Opaque Resistant to deformation
What causes efflorescence ?
Soluble salts leaching out of the mortar and or brick
Which brick molding process uses rectangular molds where moist clay is pressed?
Soft mud process
Which of the following are basic types of wood flooring ?
Block flooring, plank flooring, solid block flooring, strip flooring
What is the most severe flame spread rating ?
Class D
Proctor test is used for what?
It measures the optimal density of a specific sample of soil.
What slope should the ground have near foundations?
The ground meeting a buildings foundation should slope away from the building a minimum of 1/4” in
What is the largest aggregate size for 6in slab?
2 in.
Aggregate shall not be larger than one-third of the slab thickness or three-quarters of the minimum space between reinforcing bars whichever is smaller.
What are epoxy coated reinforcing bars used for?
The epoxy coating helps keep the salts from corroding the steel by chemical reaction.
What is the standard size of brick?
7 5/8 x 3 5/8 x 2 1/4
What different finishes can you specify for concrete?
Broom finish: puts parallel strokes across the surface of the concrete
Float finish: is a rough finish intended for outdoor surfaces that will become the substrate for a finish material
What are the types of mortar?
Type S: mortar should be specified for exterior application at or below grade
Type M/Type N: mortar for exterior applications above grade
Type O: mortar for interior and protected exterior non-load-bearing partitions
What are the types of brick?
SW: sever weathering ( resistant to freeze thaw
MW: moderate weathering
NW: negligible or no weathering
What are the types of rock?
Sedimentary: rock formed through the action of water and wind and comprised of elements left behind from the skeletons of marine organisms. (limestone)
Igneous rock: was deposited while molten (granite)
Metamorphic rock: is either sedimentary or igneous rock transformed by heat and pressure. (marble, soapstone, slate)
What are span ratings?
This designation means that the material has been tested according to standards of the Engineered Wood Association. The first number is the span of rafters on center the second is the span of joists on center
What types of concrete testing are there?
Kelly ball test
cylinder test
electrical impedance test
Normal slope asphalt or fiberglass are to be installed at what pitch?
4:12
What types of log cutting is used?
rift sawing: boards are cut radially from the center of the log.
Quartersawing: involves dividing the log into fourths and then cutting boards perpendicular to the grain
Plain sawing/flat sawing: boards are cut in straight lines across the grain of the log.
A roll in shower for ADA requires what clearance?
66x60
What are the sizes of yard lumber?
Beams: 5in wide x 2in greater in depth
Boards: smaller than 2in thick and 2in wide
Dimensional lumber: 2in to 4in thick and 2 in or more wide
Posts and timbers: 5in wide and at least 5in deep.
When does concrete gain the most strength?
The first few days of curring
What are the types of EIFS? exterior insulation finish system
PM: polymer modified; mineral based systems have high impact resistance and provide good insulation.
PB: polymer-based; systems are made up of a very thin base coat of prtland cement and polymer over fiberglass
MB: mineral based; systems are basicallly conventional thee-coat portland cement stucco systems
What is the optimal opening for a centered elevator door?
3ft 6
What are the grades of plywood?
N: natural finish, free of deflects
A: smooth and paintable
B: solid surface veneer
C plugged: splits limited to 1/8” width and knot holes limited
C: knotholes permitted
D: knots permitted, limited splits permitted.
What are the ingredients of Concrete
Fine aggregates (sand) - inert ingredient
Coarse aggregate (gravel)- inert ingredient
Portland Cement - active ingredient
Water - active ingredient
What are the types of
portland cement?
Type 1 Standard-For all purpose
Type 2 Modified-for slow setting and less heat
Type 3 High Early Strength- for quick setting and early strength
Type 4 - Low heat-for very slow setting
Type 5 Sulfate Resisting-for allkaline water and soils
What is the normal compressive strength for concrete?
3k to 6k psi with values around 4k psi being the most common
vertical pours of concrete should be limited to ?
4 ft
What is the acceptable conditions for a slump test?
2”-6”
What is the length of the curing period?
3 to 14 days or more
What alters the consistently of brick ?
The physical and chemical characteristics of the ingredients vary along with the temperatures at which they are fired account fro the variations in color and hardness
Standard joint thickness?
1/4 to 1/2 inch
gypsum blocks standard size?
They are available in thicknesses from 2 to 6 inches and in standard panels of 12x30 inches
what are the type of stone forms?
Rough stone - natural stone used decoratively
Rubble stone - irregular stone with at least one good face used for ashlar veneers, copings, sills, curbs
Dimension stone- cut stone used for surface veneers, toilet partitions, flooring, stair treads
Flagstone - thin slabs used for paving, treads, counters
Monumental stone - used for sculptures, monuments, graves
Crushed stone - used as aggregates for concrete, terrazzo, built up roof, surfacing, granular fill
Stone dust - used as filler in asphalt flooring, shingles, paints
What are the two groups of masonry?
Rubble masonry- stones are left in natural state
- coarsed - continuous horizontal joints
Ashlar masonry - stones are shaped and smoothed.
Where should portland cement be used?
Portland cement-lime mortar should be used where high strength and low permeability are required. It improves workability and water retentivity
How does wood gain its strength?
In shear, wood is strongest perpendicular to the grain and in compression wood is strongest parallel to the grain.
What are the two types of joining strategies of laminated wood
scarf joint and finger joint
What are the two ways to use preservatives to protect wood?
oil borne solutions and waterborne solutions. Preservatives may be sprayed, or dipped but for maximum effectiveness should be applied under pressure
What are the two ways to make wood fire-resistive
By either impregnation with a chemical solution or by the use of surface treatment. Surface applications like intumescent paint reduce the flame spread.
What was the first all metal structure ?
a bridge in the late 18th century to span the Severn River in England
Misc. metal work is made from what metal?
steel
What is the order of galvanic activity with the last being the least susceptible?
Aluminum Zinc Iron and Steel Stainless Steel Tin Lead Brass Copper Bronze Gold
What slope should wood shingles be applied to the roof?
4:12 or greater
Where should vapor barriers be placed?
On the warm side of the structure. i.e. just above the finish ceiling or just behind the finished wall
What are the most insulating materials? the last being the greatest resistant to heat
loose fill batt or blanket board or sheet reflective foam
What are the different types of gypsum board?
regular board- surfacing for walls and ceilings
backing board-backing for other materials such as acoustical tile
Insulating board-aluminum foil laminated to one side, which serves as reflective insulation and vapor barrier.
Type X board-for fire resistive
Moisture-resistant board-backing for ceramic tile in high moisture areas
What are the basic types of wood flooring?
strip, plank, block, parquet
At what temperature should paint be applied?
55 to 85 F
What flooring system is most resilient?
Cork flooring
Vermiculite is added to plaster for what purpose?
Fire resistance
Building area and height is determined by what?
The type of construction along with the occupancy
What is the required rating for a high rise building?
2-hour fire rated noncombustible construction fire rated
How do you determine the egress width?
Multiply the occupant load by a decimal number from the IBC code. (0.3)
How do you determine the door width for the building?
Multiply the occupant load by a decimal number from the IBC code. (0.2)
The code requires the door to not be less than 36” and not greater than 48”
What are the applicable ratings of structural steel, shafts, doors?
Structural steel can be rated one hour up to four hours
Curtain wall has no fire rating
Vertical shafts can only be one to two hours
Doors are rated 20, 30, 45, 90 minute ratings and one and two hour
What are the three main methods for molding brick?
Dry-press process
Soft mud process
Stiff mud process
What is electrolysis (galvanic action)?
Deterioration resulting from contact between certain alloys
What are methods for creating wrought products?
Drawing
Extruding
Forging
Rolling
Lumber is generally specified according to its __________ and __________.
Rough Size / unfinished size
What are grades of cement quality?
Type I
Type IIA
Type V
What is the term for the horizontal or vertical joints between two successive concrete pours?
Construction joints
What type of agent would be added to the mix when pouring concrete in hot weather?
Retarding agent
Concrete strength is commonly designed on the basis of the strength the concrete reaches after __________.
28 days
Lumber that is 5 inches or thicker is referred to as __________.
timber
How thick is plywood? What is the size of a standard plywood sheet?
5/16” to 1 1/8”
4x8
What is the typical depth to span ratio for trusses
1:10 or 1:20
Typical spans are 40-200 feet and spacing of 10 to 40 ft o.c.
What is the most expensive and slowest structural system ?
Cast in place concrete
Wood light frame construction took off after what two technological advances?
Water power sawmill and machine made nails
What construction helped to revitalize masonry construction
The invention of the hollow concrete block
Who patented Portland cement after the fall of the Roman Empire
Joseph aspdin
What are the different types of fires?
Type A: wood, paper, plastic or cloth
Type B: flammable liquids, grease gas
Type C: electrical
Type D: combustible material
What are the three most common types of Abestos found in buildings ?
Chrysotile: white abestos
Amosite: brown abestos
Crocidolite: blue abestos
What are ways to minimize and contain asbestos ?
Wet methods HEPA vacuuming Area isolation Use of personal protective equipment Avoid sawing, sanding and drilling
An area of refuge is required for how many occupants
1 area per 200 occupants
What is the minimum clear width between handrails at a stair?
48” clear
What material is most resistive to fire ?
Brick
What are the types of facing bricks ?
Type FBX: high degree of perfection, narrow color range, slight size variation (XACTING)
Type FBS: wide range of color and greater size variation per unit (STANDARD)
Type FBA: non uniformity in size, coloe and texture per unit (ANOMLY)
What are two ways stone masonry can be used in buildings ?
Laid in Portland cement mortar like bricks
Or
Mechanically attached in large sheets to the structural frame and walls as thin facing
What is the concrete block size ?
7 5/8 x 7 5/8 x 15 5/8
What are the three ways to insulate masonry walls
Using Exteriod insulating and finish system (EIFS) -plastic foam added to the outside face of masonry and finished with stucco
Plastic foam added to the inside face of the masonry wall or filling hollow units with insulation
Adding insulation to the inside face of the wall
What is the most abundant metal ?
Iron
What is the Bessemer process ?
Steel sling procedure where carbon, silicon, and other impurities are removed from iron to make steel
What type of wood is usually used for finish applications ( flooring, siding)?
Quartersawed; to produce lumber with similar grain
What are the four types of roofing materials
Class A: effective against fire exposure and may be used on any building in any type of construction
Class B: effective against moderate fire exposure (built up / single ply/ sheet metal/ asphalt shingles)
Class C: effective against light fire exposure ( fire retardant treaded wood shingles and shakes )
Non classified for type VB construction
What Is the steel thickness range for light gauge cold rolled metal framing ?
30 gauge to 8 gauge
What are characteristics of concrete blocks ?
They are inexpensive to make
They can be manufactured easily in a variety of different shapes, colors, textures
They have excellent fire resistance
Between softwood and hardwood which is more expensive
Hardwood
What are gypsum blocks made out of?
Gypsum plaster
Which of the following metals are resistant to oxidization ?
Gold
Titanium
Silver
What are common brick cut shapes ?
Half/bat
King closer
Split/soap
Three-quarter
How much does a cubic foot of ordinary concrete weigh ?
150 lbs
What are common roof tile shapes?
English
Roman
Spanish
What are three classifications of manufactured wood?
dressed
rough
worked
What structural components are made of timber?
Beams
Stringers
Posts
What terms describe the faces of brick?
Bed Cull End Face Side
What metals are considered cathodes?
Brass
Platinum
Tungsten
What does a K-value denote?
Thermal conductivity of a material
The topography of a site is shown with what kind of lines?
Contour
Which is the U-value of R-20 batt insulation? (Answer to the nearest hundredth and include any leading zeros Ex: 0.12)
U-value and R-value are inverses of each other. An R-20 batt insulation would have a U-value of 1/20 or 0.05.
How do u calculate board feet
(Cross section area/12) x length
Which of the following are examples of structural lumber?
Dimension Lumber, Timber
Typically, what percentage of concrete’s volume is taken up by aggregates?
75%
Which of the following are types of terrazzo?
Palladiana terrazzo
Rustic terrazzo
Venetian terrazzo
Standard terrazo
What is the fiber saturation point for wood?
30%
Which of the following are non-ferrous metals?
Aluminum
Copper
Lead
Zinc
What compound is used to join masonry units?
Mortar
Which of the following metals are resistant to oxidization?
Gold Titanium
Silver
What is the average water cement ratio by weight?
.35 to .40
What are the types of cement ?
Type I: standard cement; used in most general construction
Type II: modified cement; used where modest amount of sulfate resistance s is needed and where the heat of hydration needs to be controlled
Type III: high-early-strength cements; quick set is needed and for easy removal of formwork
Type IV: low-heat cement; used in massive structures to minimize cracking
Type V: sulfate-resisting cement; used for structures that will be exposed to water or soil with high alkaline content
What ingredients are in glass?
Lime
Soda
Sand
What agency sets requirements for safety glazing in buildings?
Consumer product safety commission
What are the two types of roofs?
Low slope: Between 1/4” per foot and 2” per foot , 2:12, slow drainage
Steep slope: 2” per foot and greater
What are the ways to slope roofs?
Slope the structure
Taper the structure
Taper the insulation
What are the three kinds of low slope roofs?
Bituminous (Asphalt/Coal Tar)
Felt must be protected form UV rays, multiple layers of overlapping felt, oldest
Single-Ply (Rolled Plastic)
EPDM
Fluid Applied
Self adhering, self flashing, best for difficult geometries
What are the two options for location of insulation?
Below Roof Deck- ventilated cavity sits above insulation, leaks will eventually dry out.
Above Roof Deck- both vapor barrier and air barrier above deck causes roof deck to be warm and no moisture to travel.
How can baffles obstruct ventilation?
Baffles keep insulation from moving all the way across roof deck therefore allowing air movement.
How much does high albedo roofs reflect?
At least 65% or .65
What two layers of wood have living cells?
Cambium Layer and Shipwood Layer
In what direction does wood shrink?
Tangentially
In what direction does wood warp
Parallel to the grain
How many layers does plywood typically come in ?
An odd number of layers
What are the two types of plywood bond classification ?
Exterior Rating: Water resistant glues, vents better for weather expansion
Exposure 1 Rating: water resistant glue, not long periods of weather expansion
95% of plywood is Exposure 1 Grade
What gas can cause off-gassing in manufactured Lumber?
Formaldehyde
What is carbon content?
Most important factor of steel
Too much carbon and steel is hard and brittle
Too little and carbon is malleable and weaker
What are the average depths of structural members?
Beam: 1/20 the span Girder: 1/15 the span Open Web: 1/24 the span Steel Decking: 1/40 the span Steel Truss: 1/8 the span
What are the different kinds of open web steel joists?
LH: Long Span - 96’
DLH- Deep Long Span - 150’
K: Most common - Span 60’
What are some ways to fireproof steel?
Plaster on Lath, Water and Antifreeze, Reinforced Conc. , Gyp. Board, Spray Applied Resistance Material, Sheet Metal with fill
What are three types of Fabric Enclosures
Polyester coated w/ PVC- cheapest, weakest
Glass Fiber Coated Pipe- Medium cost, cleanest
Glass Fiber Coated w/ silicone- high cost, durability
What are some galvanic adjacencies ?
Copper and Galvanized Steel fasteners Brass and Galvanized Steel Fasteners Aluminum and Galvanized Steel Fasteners Stainless Steel and Galvanized Steel Fasteners Copper and Zinc Steel and Zinc Mortar and Zinc
What processes cause high embodied energy?
Materials that are more finished have a higher embodied energy Heavier Materials More petroleum Used Higher glue amounts Large amount of heat in production Large amounts of mining / refining
Portland Cement
Aggregate and Water
Masonry Cement
Portland cement, blended hydraulic cement, plasticizers Admixtures
What are the types of Mortar?
Type M: Highest strength; below grade, severe frost
Type S: Exterior reinforced masonry, exterior load bearing
Type N: Balance of workability and strength , chimneys
Type O: Low strength, interior non-load bearing
Type K: Weakest, not used
(MaSoN WOrk)
How long does Masonry keeps its workability?
2.5 hours
What is the minimum capillary break?
3/8”
How much can a brick cantilever the length of a brick
1/2”
What are the appropriate air barrier tightness for select material?
Target less then 0.004 CFM/SF Skin
Opaque Skin Assembly less than 0.04 CFM/SF Skin
Entire Assembly Less than 0.4 CFM/SF Skin
What materials can be used as an air barrier?
Gyp. Bd., OSB, House Wrap, Plastic Membrane, Peel and Stick, Spray Foam Insulation
High Performance buildings usually have what window to wall ratio?
35%
Construction type refers to?
Fire-resistance ratings of various building components.
What materials are used for damproofing ?
Admixtures for concrete, bituminous coatings, cementitius coatings, membranes, and plastics
What materials are used for waterproofing ?
Elastomettic membranes, liquid-applies membranes, and bentonite clay
What type of glass is used for glass bricks ?
Window glass
Compared to softwood plywood, hardwood plywood is ?
More expensive
When are eccentrically braced frames useful ?
For earthquakes, resist lateral seismic forces without buckling
How much of plywood is exposure 1 grade ?
95% meaning not manufactured for severe weathering
Which type of concrete contains aggregates all of the same size?
pervious concrete
What is the minimum cover for steel rebar when concrete is permanently cast against earth?
3 inches
What type of metal fasteners should be used with foundation systems ?
Stainless steel or hot dipped zinc coated steel
An abundant and inexpensive supply of steel that could be developed for construction purposes first became available in the 1850s with the introduction of the
Bessemer Process
Is reinforcing bar hot rolled or cold rolled ?
Hot-Rolled
What is the maximum spacing for welded wire reinforcement ?
2”min to 12”max spacing
How are precast members joined together ?
Usually with steel connections, or with steel posttensioned tendon, or weld plates
Perforated drain tile should be laid around the footings at least how far below the floor slab?
6 inches
What is the maximum water cement ratio?
0.45 to .50
A vapor barrier should have a permanence not exceeding what?
0.04 perm and be at least 10mils thick
