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Biochemistry > BCH 110 Exam 2 (Cloning and Shit) > Flashcards

BCH 110 Exam 2 (Cloning and Shit) Flashcards

1
Q

Addition of what fatty acid aids in the treatment of cancer?

A

Omega-3

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2
Q

What percent of cancers that occur in the US could be prevented by a change in diet?

A

40%

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3
Q

How is the naming done with unsaturated fats like omega-3?

A

The first double bond of the unsaturated is on the corresponding carbon, so on omega-3, it would be the third carbon

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4
Q

Alpha-Linoleic Acid, aka…

A

Omega-3

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5
Q

Linoleic Acid, aka…

A

Omega-6

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6
Q

What does it mean, and how is it shaped, when a fat is ‘cis’

A

Hydrogens in unsaturated, double bonded carbons are on the same side and is therefore bent

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7
Q

What does it mean, and how is it shaped, when a fat is ‘trans’

A

Hydrogens in unsaturated, double bonded are on the opposite side and are therefore linear

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8
Q

Define polyunsaturated fats

A

fats that arent fully saturated by hydrogen in multiple places

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9
Q

Which has a lower cancer rate, high omega-3 or high omega-6

A

Omega-3

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10
Q

what percent of the US population are projected to get cancer?

A

40%

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11
Q

Examples of Omega-3 sources

A

fish oils, leafy green vegetable

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12
Q

Examples of Omega-6 sources

A

corn oils, vegetable oils

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13
Q

What dietary fat depresses the growth of tumors?

A

Omega-3

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14
Q

Oxidative stress-lipid peroxidation creates toxicity how

A

aldehydes, ketones, alcohol, epoxides

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15
Q

What dietary fat enhances tumor reception to chemotherapy?

A

Omega-3

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16
Q

What does Linoleic Acid do?

A

Enhances cell proliferation and upregulates cancer cell growth

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17
Q

Western diets tend to be high in what?

A

Linoleic acid

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18
Q

What is required for mammary tumorigenesis in animal models?

A

Linoleic Acid

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19
Q

What common cancer treatments are there?

A

Ionizing radiation coupled with chemotherapy

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20
Q

How does Ionizing Radiation work in treating cancer?

A

inducing genetic damage especially in dividing cells

or

generate ROS and RNS triggering cell death pathways

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21
Q

Define external Ionizing Radiation

A

direct targeting of sight with beam or emitter

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22
Q

Define internal Ionizing Radiation

A

source implanted near the tumor

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23
Q

What is internal Ionizing Radiation also called?

A

Brachytherapy

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24
Q

Define systemic Ionizing Radiation

A

mainly for thyroid with radioactive iodine naturally occuring sources

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25
Q

How long are the genes in DNA?

A

2 meters

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26
Q

What are the proteins that dna is wrapped around?

A

Histones

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27
Q

T/F: the number of chromosomes directly correlate to intelligence

A

False

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28
Q

What are somatic cells?

A

Body cells that are diploid

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29
Q

What are gametes?

A

Haploid cells that are sperm and egg cells

30
Q

How many cells do yo have in your body?

A

over 200 trillion

31
Q

Why are we not a blob of cells?

A

cell differentiation

32
Q

What kind of cells are in early embryonic development?

A

Undifferentiated ones only

33
Q

How old is a blastocyst if it has differentiated and undifferentiated cells?

A

5-6 days old

34
Q

What happens to differentiated cells in the blastocyst?

A

becomes the placenta

35
Q

What are the differentiated cells in the blastocyst also called?

A

the Trophoectoderm

36
Q

What happens to undifferentiated cells in the blastocyst?

A

become the embryo

37
Q

What does Totipotent mean?

A

cells that can divide and give rise to all differentiated cells in the organism

38
Q

What does Pluripotent mean?

A

cells that can divide and give rise to many, but not all, differentiated cells

39
Q

What are Adult stem cells?

A

pluripotent cells that generate less cell possibilities than a normal pluripotent

40
Q

What is the goal of stem cell research?

A

Regeneration of organs by 2030

41
Q

How can the goal of stem cells be achieved?

A

Allowing cells to grow and differentiate on a collagen scaffolding

42
Q

Where do most embryonic stem cells come from?

A

Pre-existing blastocyst cell lines

43
Q

What happens when embryonic stem cells are implanted into an adult?

A

They form Teratomas, benign tumors

44
Q

Why is embryonic cell research so appealing?

A

they are very pluripotent, no organ donation needed, and no organ rejection will happen

45
Q

What are Adult Stem cells?

A

fully differentiated cells

46
Q

Where are Adult Stem cells?

A

the Bone marrow

47
Q

Can Adult Stem cells be transformed into other cells?

A

Yes in the right conditions

48
Q

T/F: Adult stem cells have limited potential

A

True

49
Q

What are naturally ocuring clones?

A

Twins

50
Q

What are the types of cloning?

A

Molecular cloning and Reproductive cloning

51
Q

What is molecular cloning?

A

Transferring foreign DNA into bacteria, bacteria replicate and divide by asexual reproduction and therefore the offsprings are clones

52
Q

What is Reproductive cloning?

A

Somatic cell nuclear transfer in eukaryotes makes the nuclear DNA from the donor the same as the clones

53
Q

Who is Dolly the sheep cloned from?

A

Dolly Parsons

54
Q

How was Dolly cloned?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

55
Q

Why was Dolly so important?

A

she was the first mammal to be successfully cloned from an adult somatic cell

56
Q

How does SCNT work?

A

Take nucleus from a somatic cell of a mammal, take an egg cell and take out its nucleus, add somatic cell nucleus to egg, develop into an embryo, implant into surrogate

57
Q

What does SCNT stand for?

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer

58
Q

Why are Identical twins not identical?

A

Placental Differences, Epigenetics, Patters of gene expression in the body, Variations of the 2-copy rule

59
Q

What are the placental differences factors in twins not being identical?

A

Having different placentas or different distances from the shared placenta

60
Q

What is epigenetics?

A

Change in gene expression over time (like a gas and a brake pedal, deciding which to higher or lower activity)

61
Q

What are the epigenetic factors in twins not being identical?

A

Environmental influence, random change as people age in chemical modifications

62
Q

What is the official definition of clone

A

1) Copy of a gene that has been isolated by recombinant DNA procedures and amplified into larger amounts of copies
2) population of cells, all of which descend from a common progenitor cell
3) Offspring of a procedure of asexual reproduction in which the genome of a somatic cell of one organism is used to form another cell that functions equivalently to a fertilized egg that may then develop into another organism

63
Q

What is the official definition of Stem cell?

A

Cell type within a tissue that is capable of self-renewal and is also capable of generating daughter cells that develop new phenotypes, including those that are more differentiated than the phenotype of the stem cell

64
Q

What is Carbon Copy

A

The calico cat that is a clone but due to x-inactivation and barr bodies, doesnt look exactly like its donor

65
Q

Who is Snuppy?

A

The first dog clone done in south korea, donated by tai

66
Q

How do we know Snuppy was a clone?

A

He shared the same nuclear DNA with tai only, the mitochondrial DNA with the egg donor only, and nothing with the surrogate mother.

67
Q

Define Parthenogenesis

A

Development of an organism from an unfertilized egg that is tricked into thinking it is fertilized and doubles it chromosomes to be a full diploid cell.

68
Q

Why is an organism from parthenogenesis only a half clone?

A

It contains only half the DNA from the mother

69
Q

Who is ANDi?

A

The Rhesus Monkey that was the first genetically modified primate done with GFP

70
Q

What is GFP?

A

Green Florescent Protein

71
Q

Where does ANDi get his name?

A

introduced DNA backwards

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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