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Biochemistry > BCH 110- Exam 1 (Cancer and Crap) > Flashcards

BCH 110- Exam 1 (Cancer and Crap) Flashcards

1
Q

What is the classic Microbiology experiment

A

Louis Pasteur and his YEAST fermentation

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2
Q

What is the classic Biochemistry experiment

A

Eduard Buchner and his Yeast “cell juices” fermentation

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3
Q

Who was the first to demonstrate cell-free fermentation

A

Eduard Buchner

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4
Q

What is it called when events occur or develop by random happy chance

A

Serendipity

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5
Q

Who discovered penicillin?

A

Alexander Fleming

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6
Q

How was penicillin discovered?

A

Alexander Fleming eating in his lab, mold grew on petri dishes, bacteria was not alive near mold.

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7
Q

Who isolated penicillin?

A

Howard Florey and Ernst Chain

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8
Q

Why has cancer doubled over the past few years?

A

Modern medicine giving people the ability to live longer which increases the likelihood of cancer

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9
Q

Whats the most prevalent cancer?

A

Skin

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10
Q

Whats the second most prevalent cancer?

A

Prostate

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11
Q

Whats the third most prevalent cancer?

A

Breast

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12
Q

Whats the fourth most prevalent cancer?

A

Lung

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13
Q

What cancer has significantly increased in the 1900s but started to have a slight decrease in the 1990s?

A

Lung cancer due to tobacco consumption

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14
Q

Increase in cell size

A

Hyperplasia

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15
Q

Increase in cell number

A

Hypertropy

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16
Q

Disorganized cell growth

A

Dysplasia

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17
Q

Net increase in cell number with disorganized growth

A

Neoplasia

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18
Q

The layer of dividing cells in skin

A

Basal Layer

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19
Q

As cells in the skin reach the surface they…

A

become more and more squished

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20
Q

Dead cells on the top layer of skin that get shed off are called?

A

Squamous Cells

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21
Q

Cancer caused by the abnormal growth of the Basal Layer in the skin

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

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22
Q

Low number of poorly differentiated cells forms a _____ tumor.

A

Benign

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23
Q

Tumors that have a well defined boundary (encapsulated)

A

Benign

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24
Q

Tumors localized to one region

A

Benign

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25
Q

High Number of poorly differentiated cells form a ____ tumor

A

Malignant

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26
Q

Tumors that have poorly defined boundaries

A

Malignant

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27
Q

Tumors that are capable of invading other tissues, glands, and organs

A

Malignant

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28
Q

Can benign tumors turn into malignant tumors?

A

some but not all

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29
Q

Definition of cancer

A

any malignant tumor that is capable of spreading by invasion of surrounding tissue and undergo metastasis

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30
Q

Define Metastasis

A

invasion of other cells

relocation to other parts of the body through blood stream

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31
Q

Tumor Grades Scale

A

1-4, 4 being the worst

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32
Q

Tumor Stages scale

A

0-4, 4 being the worst

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33
Q

Tumor Stage determination

A

how far the cancer has progressed at the time of diagnosis

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34
Q

Cancers tha arise from epithelial cells forming covering layers over the external and body surface

A

Carcinoma

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35
Q

Carcinoma naming

A

benign “-oma”

Malignant “-carcinoma”

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36
Q

Cancers that arise from supportive tissues

A

Sarcomas

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37
Q

Sarcoma naming

A

benign “-oma”

Malignant “-sarcoma”

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38
Q

Cancers that arise from lymphatic and blood origins

A

Lymphomas/Leukemias

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39
Q

Lymphoctes are also called…

A

White Blood Cells

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40
Q

Tumor or the lymphocytes that grow as solid masses of tissues

A

Lymphoma

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41
Q

Malignant blood cells that proliferate in the blood stream

A

Leukemia

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42
Q

Naming: Adeno-

A

Origin: Gland

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43
Q

Naming: Basal Cell

A

Origin: Basal Cell

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44
Q

Naming: Squamous Cell

A

Origin: Squamous Cell

45
Q

Naming: Melano-

A

Origin: Skin Cell

46
Q

Naming: Lipo-

A

Origin: Fat

47
Q

Naming: Myo-

A

Origin: Muscle

48
Q

Naming: Osteo-

A

Origin: Bone

49
Q

Naming: Lympho-

A

Origin: White Blood Cells

50
Q

Naming: Erythro-

A

Origin: red blood cells

51
Q

Basal Cell Benign is called….

A

Basal Cell Adenoma

52
Q

Basal Cell Malignant is called…

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

53
Q

Squamous Cell benign is called…

A

Keratoacanthoma

54
Q

Squamous Cell malignant is called…

A

Squamous cell carcinoma

55
Q

Skin cell benign is called…

A

Mole

56
Q

Skin cell malignant is called…

A

Melanoma

57
Q

Red blood cells malignant is called…

A

Erythrocytic leukemia

58
Q

white blood cells malignant is called…

A

Lymphotic leukemia

59
Q

Survival rates are determined by…. (4)

A
  1. Stage
  2. Grade
  3. Cell type
  4. site of origin
60
Q

Genes that arise from a single mutation

A

Oncogenes

61
Q

gain-of-function mutations

A

Oncogenes

62
Q

Genes that arise from two mutations

A

Tumor Suppressor gene

63
Q

loss-of-function mutations

A

Tumor Suppressor gene

64
Q

T/F: Most mutations have deleterious or serious effects

A

False: most of them have no or minor effects

65
Q

Things that can cause mutations are…

A
  • Dna Polymerase error
  • UV light
  • x-rays/radiation
  • Viruses
  • Hormones
  • Environment exposure
  • Diet
66
Q

A repair of a mutation caused by DNA polymerase error

A

Mismatch Repair

67
Q

A repair of a mutation caused by external factors

A

Excision Repair

68
Q

Should the parent cell divide? if yes, continue to G1

A

Restriction Point

69
Q

Making sure proper cell growth and DNA replication is achieved

A

Checkpoints

70
Q

Programmed cell death

A

Apoptosis

71
Q

Failure of these points lead to proliferation of the cell

A

Checkpoints and the Restriction point

72
Q

What happens when the cell cannot repair a serious problem in the cell cycle at one of the checkpoints?

A

Apoptosis is triggered

73
Q

How does Apoptosis happen

A

the cell breaks itself down without losing its phospholipid bilayer and then it is able to be digested by a phagocytic cell

74
Q

A tumor suppressed gene that, when mutated, fails to stop a tumor from forming through loss of apoptosis

A

p53

75
Q

Most prevalent cancer affecting Humans

A

Basal Cell Carcinoma

76
Q

What percent of tumors from Basal Cell Carcinoma are located on the face?

A

75%

77
Q

Cancer Causing Agents Percent: Tobacco

A

33%

78
Q

Cancer Causing Agents Percent: Diet

A

30%

79
Q

Cancer Causing Agents Percent: Infectious Agents

A

9%

80
Q

Cancer Causing Agents Percent: Hormones

A

7%

81
Q

Cancer Causing Agents Percent: UV radiation

A

1%

82
Q

What were HeLa cells caused by

A

HPV-18

83
Q

Causes Genital Warts

A

Human Papilloma Virus

84
Q

Causes cervical cancer along with vulva, vagina, anus, penis, throat, and mouth cancers

A

Human Papilloma Virus

85
Q

How many types of HPV are there

A

> 40

86
Q

What does E6 do?

A

binds to P53, inactivating it and making it unable to bind to dna and cause apoptosis

87
Q

What does E7 do?

A

binds to RB, causing it to lose its ability to break cdk-cyclin joints apart and thus the cell can divide endlessly

88
Q

What two proteins does HPV activate?

A

E6 and E7

89
Q

Name the Vaccines that target both HPV-16 and HPV-18

A

Gardasil, Cervarix

90
Q

What are the most cancerous forms of HPV?

A

HPV-16 and HPV-18

91
Q

What is synergy

A

the multiplicative effect of when you add two things together

92
Q

example of synergy

A

Alcohol and Tobacco working together to significantly increase the chances of cancer

93
Q

What cancers can estrogen cause

A

Vagina, uterus, breast

94
Q

Define ionizing radiation

A

x-rays that penetrate through your tissue and cause cancer of internal tissues and organs

95
Q

Where does a majority of Ionizing Radiation come from?

A

Natural sources

96
Q

What is the biggest contributor to ionizing radiation

A

Radon

97
Q

How much ionizing radiation does a transatlantic flight give

A

6 days worth

98
Q

How much ionizing radiation does smoking 500 cigarette packs a year give?

A

10 years

99
Q

What are single stranded breaks

A

breaks in the dna where only one side is broken and it is easily repaired

100
Q

what are double stranded breaks

A

breaks in the dna where both sides of the dna are broken and missing. Cannot be easily repaired

101
Q

What can come from double stranded breaks?

A

deletion, base mutation, or chromosomal translocation

102
Q

Disease: Familial Adenomatous Polyposis

A

Gene: APC (colon)

103
Q

Disease: Breast Cancer

A

Gene: BRCA1 and BRCA2 (breast,ovaries,prostate)

104
Q

Disease: Retinoblastoma

A

Gene: RB gene (eye)

105
Q

Disease: Xeroderma Pigmentosa

A

Gene: XPA (skin)

106
Q

Disease: Li Fraumeni Syndrome

A

Gene: P53 (sarcomas, breast, leukemia, brain, other)

107
Q

Mutations are only passed on if they occur in….

A

the germ cells

108
Q

No family affiliation of cancer previously known but a child has a genetic disorder that results in cancer is called…

A

De novo mutations

109
Q

Mutations here only allow non-homologous chromosome repair

A

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Biochemistry (2 decks)

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