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Biochemistry > BB451 exam 1 - Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation > Flashcards

BB451 exam 1 - Electron Transport/Oxidative Phosphorylation Flashcards

1
Q

“charge the battery”

A

e- transport

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2
Q

“electrical charge –> ATP”

A

oxidative phos.

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3
Q

electrons carried to e- transport system in mitochondria by

A

NADH and FADH2
(e- from NADH enter at complex 1)
(e from FADH2 enter at complex 2)

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4
Q

e- ultimately added to

A

oxygen (–> H2O)

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5
Q

redox potential describes

A

movement of e-s
move toward most positive redox potential
oxygen has most positive –> e- really like oxygen

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6
Q

main functions of e- transport

A

pump protons out of mitochondrial matrix

re-oxidize NADH and FADH2 to NAD and FAD

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7
Q

NADH and FADH2 come from…

A

citric acid cycle

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8
Q

movement of e-s from NADH through complex 1…

A

pump protons into intermembrane space –> proton gradient

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9
Q

complex 2

A

no pumping of protons!

e-s from FADH2 not going to charge battery as much

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10
Q

complex 1 and complex 2 donate e-s to

A

coenzyme Q in pairs

  • traffic cop: accepts in pairs, passes off individually
  • small molecule (move between complexes quickly)
  • does not pump protons
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11
Q

coenzyme Q passes e-s to

A

complex 3

-pumps protons

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12
Q

complex 3 passes e-s to

A

citochrome C

  • small fast shuttle between complexes
  • by Q cycle
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13
Q

chitochrome C passes e-s to

A

complex 4

-pumps protons

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14
Q

complex 4, e-s added to

A

oxygen –> H2O

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15
Q

as e-s move through system, free energy…

A

free energy decreases

energetically favorable

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16
Q

complex 1 contains

A

iron-sulfur proteins and flavins for transferring e-s

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17
Q

complex 3 and 4 contain

A

proteins with heme groups (cytochromes)

  • iron in 2+ or 3+
  • and copper in 1+ or 2+
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18
Q

rotenone and amytal block

A

complex 1

rotenone = insecticide

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19
Q

antimycin A blocks

A

complex 3

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20
Q

cyanide, azide, and CO block

A

complex 4

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21
Q

Coenzyme Q in category

A

quinones

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22
Q

Q

A

oxidized state

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23
Q

QH2

A

reduced state

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24
Q

Q cycle at complex __

A

3

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25
Q

Q pool

A

sum of all coenzyme Q in inner membrane

Q and QH2

26
Q

Q cycle

A

Q pool donates QH2 and Q to complex 3
QH2 donates 1 e to Q –> Q- and other to cytochrome C
2 protons expelled (proton pumping)
cytochrome C and Q leave complex, Q- stays
another QH2 and cytochrome C bind to complex 3
QH2 donate e- to Q—>Q2- and other e to cytochrome C
2 protons to intermembrane space
Q2- extracts 2 protons from matrix –> QH2
cytochrome C, QH2, Q all leave complex

27
Q

net use of Q cycle

A

take in QH2, released 1 : net use of 1 QH2

28
Q

“docking stations”

A

the complexes

29
Q

interruption of e- flow…

A

can result in reactive oxygen species

30
Q

___ help to deactivate super oxides

A

superoxide dismutase and catalase

31
Q

e- flow through complex 4

A

1st e to copper, 2nd to iron
oxygen binds to iron first
formation of peroxide bridge between iron and copper (Fe-O-O-Cu)
3rd e to oxygen on copper and proton from matrix –> O-O bond cleaved
4th e reduces O on iron, proton from matrix binds
(Fe-OH HO-Cu)
2 protons bind to hydroxyls –> 2 waters released

32
Q

takes ____ to reduce one molecular oxygen

A

4 e-s to reduce one molecular oxygen —> 2 water molecules

33
Q

protons #s in matrix decrease by ___ during e transfer through complex 4

A

protons decrease by 8 in matrix
4 taken from matrix and combined with oxygen
4 others taken and pumped out

34
Q

net difference of protons for movement through complex 4

A

12 protons
matrix decreases by 8
outside mitochondrion increases by 4

35
Q

superoxide dismutase (SOD)

A

2 step process to deactivate superoxide

Ping-Pong mechanism

36
Q

1st step of SOD

A

oxidized from of SOD accepts e from O2—> molecular O2 and reduced SOD

37
Q

2nd step of SOD

A

reduced SOD combines its extra e with that of another O2- and 2 protons –> H2O2 and oxidized form of SOD

38
Q

catalase

A

H2O2 –> H2O and O2

39
Q

Peter Mitchell, chemiosmotic hypothesis

A

inner membrane intact
e- move through complexes –> proton gradient
protons back to matrix = energy source for making ATP

40
Q

ATP created by…

A

movement of protons back into mitochondrial matrix through complex 5/ATP Synthase

41
Q

tightly coupled

A

inner membrane intact/ impermeable to protons
protons into matrix via complex 5
results in respiratory control

42
Q

ATP synthase/ complex 5

A 
turbine like structure containing 3 sites 
Loose: hold ADP and Pi
Tight: causes ADP and PI to join
Open: release ATP and bind ADP and Pi
O-->L-->T-->O...
43
Q

oxidative phos. requires

A

*proton gradient
e- transport, oxygen, intact membrane, ADP
NADH and FADH2 as feeders of e-s

44
Q

NADH and FADH2 ___ cross inner membrane

A

do NOT cross inner membrane

need shuttles to get e- in from cytoplasm from glycolysis

45
Q

Glycerophosphate Shuttle

A

common in insect muscle
simple and rapid
dihydroxyacetone phosphate (byproduct of glycolysis) + e- and protons from NADH –> G3P
G3P donates e-s to FAD in complex 2 –> FADH2 and dihydroxyacetone phosphate

46
Q

efficiency of glycerophosphate shuttle

A

inefficient: NADH –> FADH2
in complex 2, bypasses complex 1
only 2 ATPs instead of 3

47
Q

enough protons pumped through complexes ___ to make ___

A

enough protons pumped through complexes 1,3 and 4 to make 1 ATP each –> 3 ATPs

48
Q

Malate Aspartate Shuttle

A

moves e-s across membrane
converts oxaloacetate to malate (add e-s to oxaloacetate)
malate carries 2 e-s
malate give e-s to NAD –> NADH and oxaloacetate

49
Q

efficiency of malate aspartate shuttle

A

efficient, but not fast

no energy lost, 3 ATPs from NADH

50
Q

ATP-ADP translocase

A

ADP has to be in matrix, every ATP out = 1 ADP in
antiport
does not require energy, uses concentration gradient

51
Q

how cells generate heat

A

breaking down proton gradient

52
Q

brown fat

A

contains uncoupling protein

high in areas with lots of nervous tissue

53
Q

uncoupling protein

A

inserts in inner membrane of brown fat cells

same effect as 2,4 DNP to increase heat / bypass complex 5

54
Q

2,4 DNP

A

diet drug
pokes holes in inner membrane –> protons can re enter without making ATP
cells now require more energy and burn fats/sugars

55
Q

when mitochondria are uncoupled

A

e- transport no longer limited by oxidative phosphorylation runs uncontrolled
no ATP is made
NADH is rapidly converted to NAD
citric acid cycle runs rapidly
using a lot of oxygen and generating heat

56
Q

Things that affect metabolic processes

A 
ADP/ATP - for complex 5 function 
oxygen- for e- transport to function 
NADH - source of e- for e- transport 
NAD+ - needed to citric acid cycle 
proton gradient
57
Q

photosynthetic fish

A

put bacteriorhodopsin in transparent fish
make ATP without eating anything, would still need carbon source to grow
might burn up if too much light

58
Q

things that control respiratory control

A

ADP, NADH, oxygen

59
Q

cyanide blocks___

A

complex 4

60
Q

high NADH, low oxygen…

A

no e- transport (O limiting)
backed up dumping of e- from NADH
citric acid cycle backs up (needs NAD)
relaxing or suffocating

61
Q

high NADH, low oxygen, high ADP

A 
no e- transport (O limiting) 
backed up dumping of e- from NADH
citric acid cycle backs up 
using ATP 
exercising heavily or suffocating
62
Q

cyanide –>

A 
NADH increases (e- transport blocked at complex 4) 
O2 consumption down, concentration up 
ADP up (can't make ATP, burn what's there and don't remake ATP)

Biochemistry (11 decks)

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