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AG_Mice > BB3_AG > Flashcards

BB3_AG Flashcards

1
Q

Mus musculus musculus: 30%, eastern Europe
M. m. domesticus: 60%, western Europe
w/ 10% M.m. castaneus (derived from M.m. molossinus)- Asia
= laboratory stock M. musculus

A

additional strains from M. m. castaneus (Thailand) and M. m. molossinus (Japan) and M. spretus (western Mediterranean region)

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2
Q 
Order: 
Superfamily: 
Family: 
Subfamily: 
Genus:
A 
Order: Rodentia
Superfamily: Muroidea
Family: Muridae
Subfamily: Murinae
Genus: Mus
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3
Q

Most inbred laboratory mice share

A
  • maternal mitochondrial genome derived from M.m. domesticus common
  • Y chromosome contributed by M.m. musculus through its contribution to the genome of M.m. molossinus (Nagamine et al., 1992).
  • Thus, the most inclusive name that can be assigned to the genetically mosaic laboratory mouse is M. musculus, the over-arching name for the entire commensal clade
  • C57BL/6 mice contain minor genetic elements derived from M. spretus and a number of wild aboriginal species that are not members of the M. musculus clade, including M. spretus, M. caroli
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4
Q

• 20 pairs of telocentric chromosomes, Arabic numbers in order of decreasing size

A

o genes located on chromosomes through fish (fluorescent in situ hybridization)

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5
Q

• histocompatibility complex:

A

H loci control expression of cell surface molecules that modulate critical immune responses such as recognition of foreign tissue
o H2 chromosome 17 is strain dependent
• influences
o Minor H loci are responsible for delayed graft rejection

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6
Q
  • Mouse Genome Informatics through Jax catalogs inbred strains, natural mutants, induced mutants, transgenic lines, and targeted mutant lines
  • NIH supported Mutant Mouse Regional Centers = repositories
A
  • Mouse Genome Informatics through Jax catalogs inbred strains, natural mutants, induced mutants, transgenic lines, and targeted mutant lines
  • NIH supported Mutant Mouse Regional Centers = repositories
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7
Q

• Incross

A

cross of 2 animals of same homozygous genotype (inbred strain breeding)
o AA x AA

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8
Q

• Outcross:

A

cross of 2 animals of unrelated genotypes (outbred, breeding 2 inbred strains, breeding any unrelated mice, breeding genetically different F1 mice)
o AA x BB

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9
Q

• Intercross:

A

cross of 2 animals that are IDENTICALLY heterozygous at a particular locus, a cross between two siblings that are genetically different- F1 of inbred x inbred. Ex breeding siblings for inbred strain
o Aa x Aa

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10
Q

• Backcross:

A

cross of 2 animals, one heterozygous at a locus and another homozygous for one of those heterozygous alleles
o Aa x aa

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11
Q

• Inbred mouse lines:

A

strains
o 2- or more brother x sister generations (F)
o syngenic or isogenic to other mice of same strain and sex
o due to residual heterozygozity, not fully inbred until after 60 F generations
o branches = substrains (or even substrains of inbred substrain!)
• if separated before F40
• separated for 100 generations
• Jax said if separated for 20 generations (makes sense since est an inbred strain after 20 generations)
• or if genetic differences arise

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12
Q

• substrain:

A

inbred strain that is reproductively isolated from its founder inbred strain and has any fixed genetic difference from that strain
• if two inbred strains crossed, F1 hybrids are genetically identical (isogenic) and maximally heterozygous (chromosomes of each chromosomal pair separately contributed by each parental strain)

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13
Q

• segregating inbred strain:

A

within an inbred strain, heterozygosity forced through backcrossing or intercorssing

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14
Q

• F2 hybrids genetically diverse with chromosomes containing a mixture of contribution from each parental strain

A

• F2 hybrids genetically diverse with chromosomes containing a mixture of contribution from each parental strain

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15
Q

• Recombinant inbred:

A

mate offspring from original inbred strain cross
o Each line created from random matings of F2 generation siblings is its own separate inbred strain
o Useful for mapping phenotypic or quantitative traits that differ between the two strains

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16
Q

• Recombinent congenic strains:

A

sets of inbred strains that breed two inbred strains but then backcross to one parental strain (now called the background strain) after the F1 generation

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17
Q

• Advanced intercross lines

A

RI where F2 generation of inbred strain avoids sibling matings so increased chance of recombination between tightly linked genes

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18
Q

• Coisogenic:

A

mutation arises spontaneously or induced within an inbred strain. Virtually identical to the parental inbred strain except for single mutant allele
o Can backcross in which F1 hybrid created by mating donor mutant strain to desired background strain with subsequent matings to background strain while retaining mutant locus
• Requires 10 backcross generations to achieve congenic
• NEVER coisogenic as locus flanked by other DNA

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19
Q

• Outbred:

A

genetically heterogenous, minimize inbreeding
o Stocks: closed population (for at least four generations) of genetically variable mice bred to maintain maximal heterozygosity
o Most oubtred mice stocks are Swiss origin and derived from nine mice imported to US in 1926 = homogenous genetically

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20
Q

• Consomic:

A

inbred mice congenic for entire chromosomes- used to study polygenic traits

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21
Q

• Conplastic

A

mice congenic for different mitochondrial genomes

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22
Q

Genetically Engineered Mice

A

• Spontaneous mutants, maintained as coisogenic within inbred strain
• Create mutants through radiation mutagenesis, chemical mutagenesis, or transgenesis
o Radiation: in vivo or in vitro (embryonic stem cell)
o Chemical: in vivo male mice or in vitro (embryonic stem cell) with ethylmethanesuphonate (EMS) or N ethy N nitrosourea (ENU) = point mutations
• Transgenic mouse: any mouse in which foreign DNA has been integrated

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23
Q

• Transgenic mouse: any mouse in which foreign DNA has been integrated

A

o Often DNA injected into pronucleus of fertilized egg
o Hemizygous since injected DNA not homologous to mouse genome and not an allele
o Promoter: confers widespread or tissue specific expression of the cDNA
• Tetracycline: tx with tetracycline or doxyclyine induces up or down regulation of transgene

24
Q

• Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent and develop into mice when implanted into blastocyst of developing embryo

A

o 129 commonly use
o injected into inner cell mass of recipient blastocysts then implanted into pseudopregnant surrogate mom
o pups are chimeras: mixture of cells from recipient blastocysts and transformed ES cells
o male chimeric progeny mate with background strain = F1 progeny
• most ES are XY to favor 129 male chimerism
o if backcross to desired background strain = congenic

25
Q

Nutrition

A
  • 3-5 g a day
  • standard, irradiated (virtually free of microorganisms but with risk of residual radio-resistant bacteria), autoclavable (higher in heat labile nutriend content)
  • 6-7 mL water a day
26
Q

Temp/ Water Regulation

A

• large surface area per gram of body weight
• dramatic changes to fluctuations in ambient temperature
o cold = non-shivering thermogenesis, can triple basal metabolic rate, do not have great heat sink- don’t turn temp down at night!
• High ratio of evaporative surface to body mass
o Biological half time for turnover of water (1.1 days) more rapid that for larger mammals
o Water conservation enhanced through cooling of expired air in nasal passages and highly efficient concentration of urine
o If mice sweat, would go into shock from dehydration

27
Q

temps

A

• Mice can compensate from 20-35C
o Cool off through increasing blood flow to ears or retreat into burrow
o Die at 37C
• Neonatal mice ectothermic until 20 days of age
• Thermoneutral zone 29.6-30.5
o 21-25 grow faster
o other say cold stressed w more brown fat and glucose used

28
Q

Respiratory

A

o 3.55 mL o/g/h= 22x more than an elephant
o high metabolic rate
o bohr effect: hemoglobin affinity for oxygen changes with pH

29
Q

Urinary System

A

o highly concentrated urine due to long loops of Henle and vasa recta (vascular bundles) associated with loops of Henle
o normally excrete large amounts of protein in urine- taurine always present, tryptophan absent
o creatinine is excreted in mouse urine

30
Q

o Schaedler flora:

A

aerobic bacteria and some less oxygen sensitive anaerobic organisms
o Extremely oxygen sensitive bacter not included because difficult to isolate and cultivate

31
Q

o Altered Schaedler flora: 8 strains

A

o Original: two lactobacilli, Bacteroids distasonis, EOS fusiform bacterium
o New: spiral shaped bacterium and three new fusiform EOS bacteria

32
Q

Lymphoreticular System

A

o Thymus involutes between 35-80 days of age
o Thymectomy causes decrease in circulating lymphocytes and marked impairment of cellular immune response
o MALT produces more immunoglobulins than both spleen and lymph nodes
o MALT includes all peripheral lymphoid tissue connecting to cavities communicating externally

33
Q

Musculoskeletal System

A

o C7T13L6S4C28

o Incisors and three molars (1-0-0-3)

34
Q

Reproductive System male accessory

A

o Ampullary gland, seminal vesicle, prostate, bulbourethral gland, preputial gland

35
Q

Reproduction

A

o Ovarian follicle development begins at 3 wks of age and matures by 30 days
o Estrogen dependent cornification of vaginal epithelium occurs at 24-28 days
o Males mature at 2 wks

36
Q

cycle

A

o Polyestrous and cycles every 4-5 days

37
Q

o Proestrous and estrus

A

lead to epithelial growth in genital tract and culminate in ovulation

38
Q

o Metestrus

A

degeneration

o Leukocytes!

39
Q

o Diestrous

A

slowed cell growth

o Fewer cells

40
Q

o Postpartum estrus:

A

14-24 h after parturition, fertile matings not as frequent

41
Q

o Estrus dependent on gonadal hormones (estrogen, progesterone, testosterone- all secreted by gonadal organs)

A

o Ovulation responsive to gonadotropin (FSH, LH- all secreted by anterior pituitary)

42
Q

o Whitten effect:

A

group housed females synchronize estrous cycles when exposed to male mouse urine (pheromones)

43
Q

o Bruce effect:

A

pheromones from strange male can prevent implantation or cause pseudopregnancy

44
Q

o Male MUP20 (Darcin):

A

attractive to females, intermale aggression

45
Q

Mating

A

o Vaginal plug: mixture of secretions of vesicular and coagulating glands of the male
o During physical stimulation of cervix and vagina, prolactin released from anterior pituatry to enable corpus luteum to secrete progesterone. After 13 days, placenta produces progesterone.
o Ova fertilized within 10-12 hours

46
Q

Gestation

A

o 19-21 days
o lactation and gestation can occur simultaneously due to post partum estrous
o delayed implantation possible = prolong gestation 12-13 days in inbred strains
o retired breeders after 6 months
o 1-12 pups liter size

47
Q

Weaning

A

o females lactate for 3 weeks
o colostrum- passive immunity
o lost after several months

48
Q

Behavior

A

o deme: groups of mice, breeding male, hierarchy of females, subordinate males and juveniles
o crepuscular: active during twilight hours of dawn and dusk
o territorial
o omnivorous

49
Q

o chemo-olfactory communication is mediated through pheromones

A

o release pheromones: elicit immediate behavioral response
o primary pheromones: mediate a slowly developing and longer lasting endocrine response
o signaler pheromones: convey individual or group identity, as well as mediating parent offspring recognition and mate choice

50
Q

o pheromones excreted into urine, plantar, salivary, lacrimal, preputial, and mammary glands

A

o major urine proteins, MHC 1 peptides, chemicals, and sex hormones communicate dominance, kinship, diversity, and gender
• mups: darcin, female attractant
• kairomones: chemical signals between species
o cat and rat Mups invoke fear in mice
• MUPS are allergens esp Mus m 1

51
Q

o pheromones sensed by vomeronasal organ, olfactory epithelium, organ of Masera, Gruenberg ganglion
o to olfactory bulb and then to brain

A

o pheromones sensed by vomeronasal organ, olfactory epithelium, organ of Masera, Gruenberg ganglion
o to olfactory bulb and then to brain

52
Q

o Bruce effect:

A

pregnancy block! Recently conceived fetuses resorbed in the presence of unrelated male- esp if dominant male

53
Q

o Vandenbergh effect:

A

acceleration of puberty of juvenile females in presence of male urine

54
Q

o Lee Boot effect:

A

: group housed females that are separated from male mouse- suppression of estrus cyclity

55
Q

o Whitten effect

A

synchronization of esturs among group of females in response to a male

56
Q

o Mice have strong mating and social preferences based upon MHC proteins which indicate genetic relatedness
• Maternal relatedness of young also depends on MHC
• Pups recognize MHC
• Male aggression against other males strong MHC

A

o Mice have strong mating and social preferences based upon MHC proteins which indicate genetic relatedness
• Maternal relatedness of young also depends on MHC
• Pups recognize MHC
• Male aggression against other males strong MHC

AG_Mice (7 decks)

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