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Experimental Techniques & Research > BB Ch29 - Factors that may affect research > Flashcards

BB Ch29 - Factors that may affect research Flashcards

1
Q
  1. From what parental stock are SHR and WKY rats derived and does this make them homozygous?
A

Wistar; no, they are actually heterogeneic and some sources of WKY are outbred stocks.

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2
Q
  1. Why are neonates more sensitive to carcinogenic compounds?
A

Because of hepatic microsomal enzyme immaturity which limits the ability to biotransform xenobiotics.

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3
Q
  1. Why might older animals have a greater likelihood of xenobiotic toxicity?
A

Decreased enzyme activity, decreased hepatic and renal blood flow, smaller livers, increased body fat, decreased excretory capability.

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4
Q
  1. What was a striking difference between two strains of senescence-accelerated mice (SAM) as they aged?
A

SAMP1 had increased blood pressure, SAMP8 had decreased blood pressure.

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5
Q
  1. Which gender of rats has a reduced capacity to biotransform certain chemicals and therefore remains anesthetized long with hexobarbital and parathion?
A

females

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6
Q
  1. Which mouse gender is more susceptible to chloroform toxicity and why?
A

Males, because the renal conversion of chlorform to phosgene occurs 10x faster in males vs females.

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7
Q
  1. What type of immune response predominates in CBA/J mice?
A

TH1 or cell mediated.

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8
Q
  1. What type of immune response predominates in BALB/c mice?
A

TH2 or humoral.

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9
Q
  1. Which response is effective against murine leukemia virus?
A

TH1 response that B10.BR mice generate.

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10
Q
  1. Which response is effective against helminths?
A

TH2 response that BALB.K mice generate.

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11
Q
  1. What dietary conditions may alter the biotransformation of xenobiotics?
A

Mineral, vitamin, protein deficiencies, lipid composition.

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12
Q
  1. How will the deficiency or excess of testosterone affect cytochrome P450 enzyme activity?
A

Deficiency of testosterone decreases the ability to biotransform xenobiotics and excess testosterone increases the ability to biotransform xenobiotics.

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13
Q
  1. Define the thermoneutral zone.
A

The temperature range in which homeotherms exert minimal energy to maintain core body temperature.

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14
Q
  1. When the temperature rises does toxicity of amphetamine or ephedrine increase?
A

Amphetamine increases while ephedrine decreases

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15
Q
  1. Name some effects of increased environmental temperature in rodents.
A

. Drug toxicity; death; testicular atrophy; decreased milk quantity and tail/ear/paw/salivary gland size.

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16
Q
  1. Low temperature affects what biologic parameters in rodents?
A

Growth rate, litter size, neonate viability.

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17
Q
  1. How does high relative humidity affect research?
A

Impacts thermoregulation, decreased activity for mice, enhancement of Sendai virus transmission, decreased influenza transmission, higher microenvironment ammonia levels, alters skin absorption of various substances.

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18
Q
  1. How does low humidity affect research?
A

Increased mouse activity, delayed sexual maturity, ringtail

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19
Q
  1. The quality of microenvironmental air is influenced by what?
A

The caging system, the strain or stock of animal, bedding utilized, housing density, macroenvironmental conditions

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20
Q
  1. What are some drawbacks to static isolation caging systems?
A

Significantly impede air exchange, accumulate gaseous pollutants (NH3 and CO2)

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21
Q
  1. What does the acronym ACGIH stand for?
A

American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists

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22
Q
  1. The ACGIH set an average NH3 concentration of 25 ppm for an 8 hour time period. Housing the maximum number of mice in static isolator caging for 7 days can bring NH3 levels how high?
A

350 ppm ( a 14 fold increase)

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23
Q
  1. What are some pathological changes induced by the respiratory irritant NH3?
A

Decreased cilia numbers of the respiratory epithelium, hyperplasia of respiratory epithelium, glandular crypt formation in respiratory and olfactory epithelium

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24
Q
  1. What effect might NH3 have on the eyes of inbred and F1 mouse strains?
A

Corneal opacities due to inhibition of hepatic microsomal enzyme system components

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25
Q
  1. What are the ACGIH exposure limits for CO2 in ppm for 8 hours?
A

5,000 ppm

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26
Q
  1. Name some volatile chemicals that have the potential to influence the air animals breathe?
A

Aromatic hydrocarbons from cedar and pine bedding, pesticides, odorants, electrically charged HVAC generated airborne particles

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27
Q
  1. The human ear is most sensitive to sounds at what KHz?
A

2 KHz

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28
Q
  1. Peak auditory sensitivities of rodents in KHz?
A

30-60 KHz

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29
Q
  1. List some effects of low frequency sounds (< 20 KHz) on rodents?
A

Alter H20 consumption, blood pressure, blood corticosteroids, glucose, insulin concentrations, reproductive performance, body weight, eosinophil count, tumor resistance, learning ability, adrenal and cardiac hypertrophy

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30
Q
  1. Name some effects of ultrasound on rodents.
A

Decreased fertility and productivity, causes diuresis, induces audiogenic seizures, decreased locomotor activity, destroys auditory structures in rodents, prenatal development interference

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31
Q
  1. Which strains of mice are genetically susceptible to audiogenic seizures?
A

AKR, BALB/c, CBA, C57, DBA/2

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32
Q
  1. List some of the ways light influences reproductive physiology.
A

Anestrus duration, vaginal opening time, ovarian and uterine weights, estrous cycle length, preweaning mortality

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33
Q
  1. In addition to light intensity and albinism, what other variables affect extent of photoreceptor damage?
A

Light intensity, body temperature, nocturnality, light levels under which animals were raised, age, hormone status, time of day during light exposure

34
Q
  1. What is the current recommendation for cage-level illumination according to the Guide?
A

130-325 lux unless animals were raised at very low light levels

35
Q
  1. Continuous illumination as low as __ for 7-10 days can damage photoreceptor cells in rats.
A

110 lux

36
Q
  1. What is the basic physiologic process that drives photoperiodicity?
A

Retinal photoreceptors stimulate neuroendocrine pathways and release hypothalamic hormones, including gonadotropins

37
Q
  1. What are the two main lab animal species that are very sensitive to photoperiod changes?
A

Hamster and squirrel monkey

38
Q
  1. What are some adverse effects of continuous illumination in rodents?
A

. Cycling cessation, permanent vaginal cornification, excess ovarian follicle development

39
Q
  1. What are the two principal forms of radiation?
A

Electromagnetic and ionizing

40
Q
  1. Give examples of each type of radiation.
A

Electromagnetic: uv, visible, infrared light, microwaves, radiowaves; Ionizing: gamma rays, x rays, atomic particles (alpha and beta)

41
Q
  1. What are some negative effects of UVB radiation?
A

Ocular damage, immunosuppression (which can negatively affect cancer & infectious disease)

42
Q
  1. List some adverse effects of ionizing radiation.
A

DNA damage can result in genetic, teratogenic, and somatic effects

43
Q
  1. What are 3 factors that may be altered when rats are housed in cages with metal or plastic floors?
A

Metabolic rate, evaporative water loss, colon temperatures

44
Q
  1. What are some problems with ventilated caging?
A

Chilling, dehydration, pheromone dilution, breeding alterations

45
Q
  1. Give a definition of xenobiotics.
A

LAM definition: Chemicals or compounds that are foreign to a biological system. On-line medical dictionary definition: A completely synthetic chemical compound, which does not naturally occur on earth and thus believed to be resistant to environmental degradation.

46
Q
  1. Biotransformation of xenobiotics (aflatoxins, heavy metals, insecticides, anesthetic agents) are affected by what host factors?
A

Species, strain, age, sex, exposure time, enzymes, nutritional and disease status, environmental factors

47
Q
  1. What is the principal source of xenobiotic compound exposure?
A

diet

48
Q
  1. Cat breeding colonies have increased or decreased reproductive efficiency when dietary fat was increased from 15 to 27%?
A

increased

49
Q
  1. List some benefits of dietary restriction.
A

Resisting effects of aging, degeneration, infectious disease, neoplasms; beneficial effect on endocrine system and cell-cycling rate.

50
Q
  1. Name some drinking water contaminants found world-wide.
A

Pesticides, heavy metals, radionuclides, antibiotics, analgesics, antiseptics, beta-blockers, cholesterol-lowering drugs

51
Q

What effects can be induced by chlorine treatment of drinking water to minimize microbial contaminants?

A

it may cause alterations in immune response and may be carcinogenic and mutagenic

52
Q
  1. Name some problems with drinking water acidification:
A

Decreased weight gain, water consumption, numbers of ileal bacteria (with more pronounced effects in immunosuppressed mice)

53
Q
  1. True or False: Anesthetics may be directly toxic.
A

True

54
Q
  1. Which organ system does methoxyflurane affect in F344 rats?
A

urinary

55
Q
  1. Which local anesthetic is associated with methemoglobinemia in several species when sprayed on mucus membranes?
A

benzocaine

56
Q
  1. Which opioid is attributed to pica in rats?
A

Buprenorphine

57
Q
  1. Which euthanasia methods are associated with mitogen-induced lymphoproliferation?
A

CO2, halothane overdose, cervical dislocation with or without anesthetic

58
Q
  1. Which euthanasia method has been shown to cause dramatic increases in plasma catecholamine concentrations?
A

Decapitation

59
Q
  1. Which euthanasia method is known to cause acidosis, decreased cerebral sodium and potassium concentrations, and lung petechiation?
A

CO2 inhalation

60
Q
  1. Which euthanasia method is used by neuroscientists in order to fix brain neurochemicals and metabolites and maintain the brain’s anatomic integrity because the other methods are unsuitable?
A

Microwave irradiation

61
Q
  1. What is the condition that often occurs in guinea pigs, hamsters, gerbils, and rabbit that may develop after antibiotic administration?
A

Enterotoxemia

62
Q
  1. Which toxin-producing bacteria are usually affiliated with the cecal dysbiosis?
A

Clostridium difficile and Clostridium spiroforme

63
Q
  1. What ingredient that is often used in penicillin, is toxic to guinea pigs, mice, and rabbits?
A

Procaine

64
Q
  1. Name the organ systems affected by aminoglycosides:
A

Urinary, auditory, cardiac, immune

65
Q
  1. Which anthelmintic is capable of stimulating cell-mediated immune responses, enhancing the rate of T-cell differentiation, and increasing the activity of effector lymphocytes?
A

Levamisole

66
Q
  1. The lack of what components are factors in ivermectin toxicity of certain mice?
A

Drug transporting P-glucoproteins

67
Q
  1. Which mammalian structure in the brain is responsible for detecting pheromones?
A

Vomeronasal organ

68
Q
  1. How might a stressed rat release alarm chemosignals for inhibitory or stimulatory purposes?
A

From body surface into air or via urine

69
Q
  1. Which is considered to be the most important and common viral pathogen of mice?
A

MHV

70
Q
  1. Does MHV stimulate or suppress the immune system?
A

both

71
Q
  1. Besides affecting the respiratory system, which arm of the immune system does Sendai virus alter in rats and mice?
A

Both humoral and cell mediated

72
Q
  1. Which virus is an important zoonotic pathogen, as well as a common contaminant of transplantable tumors, cell lines, and biological materials?
A

Lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV)

73
Q
  1. What well-known rat virus may potentially interfere with research involving lacrimal and salivary glands, respiratory system, and neonatal development?
A

SDAV sialodacryoadenitis virus

74
Q
  1. What is the hallmark of lactate dehydrogenase elevating enzyme virus?
A

Elevation of one isozyme of LDV due to reduced clearance

75
Q

T or F: LCM is shed for approximately two weeks post-infection?

A

False - lifelong viral shedding

76
Q
  1. Which bacterium alters the cytokinetics of colonic muscosal epithelium?
A

Citrobacter rodentium

77
Q
  1. Which pathogen induces hepatic neoplasia: Helicobacter hepaticus or H. bilis?
A

H. hepaticus

78
Q
  1. Which adhesion molecule is expressed as a result of infection with Pasteurella multocida?
A

VCAM-1

79
Q
  1. Which fungus is not uncommon in immunocompromised lab animals?
A

Pneumocystis carinii

80
Q
  1. Trichosomoides crassicauda causes what type of cellular change in the urinary bladder of rats?
A

Hyperplasia or papillomatosis

Experimental Techniques & Research (4 decks)

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